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  • Menu
  • Gender mainstreaming
    • What is Gender mainstreaming
      • Policy cycle
    • Institutions and structures
      • European Union
      • EU Member States
      • Stakeholders
      • International organizations
    • Policy areas
      • Agriculture and rural development
        • Policy cycle
      • Culture
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      • Digital agenda
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      • Economic and financial affairs
        • Economic Benefits of Gender Equality in the EU
        • Policy cycle
      • Education
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      • Employment
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        • Structures
      • Energy
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      • Entrepreneurship
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      • Environment and climate change
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      • Poverty
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      • Regional policy
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    • Toolkits
      • Gender Equality Training
        • Back to toolkit page
        • What is Gender Equality Training
        • Why invest in Gender Equality Training
        • Who should use Gender Equality Training
        • Step-by-step guide to Gender Equality Training
            • 1. Assess the needs
            • 2. Integrate initiatives to broader strategy
            • 3. Ensure sufficient resources
            • 4. Write good terms of reference
            • 5. Select a trainer
            • 6. Engage in the needs assessment
            • 7. Actively participate in the initiative
            • 8. Invite others to join in
            • 9. Monitoring framework and procedures
            • 10. Set up an evaluation framework
            • 11. Assess long-term impacts
            • 12. Give space and support others
        • Designing effective Gender Equality Training
        • Gender Equality Training in the EU
        • Good Practices on Gender Equality Training
        • More resources on Gender Equality Training
        • More on EIGE's work on Gender Equality Training
      • Gender Impact Assessment
        • Back to toolkit page
        • What is Gender Impact Assessment
        • Why use Gender Impact Assessment
        • Who should use Gender Impact Assessment
        • When to use Gender Impact Assessment
        • Guide to Gender Impact Assessment
          • Step 1: Definition of policy purpose
          • Step 2: Checking gender relevance
          • Step 3: Gender-sensitive analysis
          • Step 4: Weighing gender impact
          • Step 5: Findings and proposals for improvement
        • Following up on gender impact assessment
        • General considerations
        • Examples from the EU
            • European Commission
            • Austria
            • Belgium
            • Denmark
            • Finland
            • Sweden
            • Basque country
            • Catalonia
            • Lower Saxony
            • Swedish municipalities
      • Institutional Transformation
        • Back to toolkit page
        • What is Institutional Transformation
          • Institutional transformation and gender: Key points
          • Gender organisations
          • Types of institutions
          • Gender mainstreaming and institutional transformation
          • Dimensions of gender mainstreaming in institutions: The SPO model
        • Why focus on Institutional Transformation
          • Motivation model
        • Who the guide is for
        • Guide to Institutional Transformation
            • 1. Creating accountability and strengthening commitment
            • 2. Allocating resources
            • 3. Conducting an organisational analysis
            • 4. Developing a strategy and work plan
            • 5. Establishing a support structure
            • 6. Setting gender equality objectives
            • 7. Communicating gender mainstreaming
            • 8. Introducing gender mainstreaming
            • 9. Developing gender equality competence
            • 10. Establishing a gender information management system
            • 11. Launching gender equality action plans
            • 12. Promotional equal opportunities
            • 13. Monitoring and steering organisational change
        • Dealing with resistance
          • Discourse level
          • Individual level
          • Organisational level
          • Statements and reactions
        • Checklist: Key questions for change
        • Examples from the EU
            • 1. Strengthening accountability
            • 2. Allocating resources
            • 3. Organisational analysis
            • 4. Developing a strategy and working plan
            • 5. Establishing a support structure
            • 6. Setting objectives
            • 7. Communicating gender mainstreaming
            • 8. Introducing methods and tools
            • 9. Developing Competence
            • 10. Establishing a gender information management system
            • 11. Launching action plans
            • 12. Promoting within an organisation
            • 13. Monitoring and evaluating
      • Gender Equality in Academia and Research
        • Back to toolkit page
        • WHAT
          • What is a Gender Equality Plan?
          • Terms and definitions
          • Which stakeholders need to be engaged into a GEP
          • About the Gear Tool
        • WHY
          • Horizon Europe GEP criterion
          • Gender Equality in Research and Innovation
          • Why change must be structural
          • Rationale for gender equality change in research and innovation
          • GEAR step-by-step guide for research organisations, universities and public bodies
            • Step 1: Getting started
            • Step 2: Analysing and assessing the state-of-play in the institution
            • Step 3: Setting up a Gender Equality Plan
            • Step 4: Implementing a Gender Equality Plan
            • Step 5: Monitoring progress and evaluating a Gender Equality Plan
            • Step 6: What comes after the Gender Equality Plan?
          • GEAR step-by-step guide for research funding bodies
            • Step 1: Getting started
            • Step 2: Analysing and assessing the state-of-play in the institution
            • Step 3: Setting up a Gender Equality Plan
            • Step 4: Implementing a Gender Equality Plan
            • Step 5: Monitoring progress and evaluating a Gender Equality Plan
            • Step 6: What comes after the Gender Equality Plan?
          • GEAR action toolbox
            • Work-life balance and organisational culture
            • Gender balance in leadership and decision making
            • Gender equality in recruitment and career progression
            • Integration of the sex/gender dimension into research and teaching content
            • Measures against gender-based violence including sexual harassment
            • Measures mitigating the effect of COVID-19
            • Data collection and monitoring
            • Training: awareness-raising and capacity building
            • GEP development and implementation
            • Gender-sensitive research funding procedures
          • Success factors for GEP development and implementation
          • Challenges & resistance
        • WHERE
          • Austria
          • Belgium
          • Bulgaria
          • Croatia
          • Cyprus
          • Czechia
          • Denmark
          • Estonia
          • Finland
          • France
          • Germany
          • Greece
          • Hungary
          • Ireland
          • Italy
          • Latvia
          • Lithuania
          • Luxembourg
          • Malta
          • Netherlands
          • Poland
          • Portugal
          • Romania
          • Slovakia
          • Slovenia
          • Spain
          • Sweden
          • United Kingdom
      • Gender-sensitive Parliaments
        • Back to toolkit page
        • What is the tool for?
        • Who is the tool for?
        • How to use the tool
        • Self-assessment, scoring and interpretation of parliament gender-sensitivity
          • AREA 1 – Women and men have equal opportunities to ENTER the parliament
            • Domain 1 – Electoral system and gender quotas
            • Domain 2 - Political party/group procedures
            • Domain 3 – Recruitment of parliamentary employees
          • AREA 2 – Women and men have equal opportunities to INFLUENCE the parliament’s working procedures
            • Domain 1 – Parliamentarians’ presence and capacity in a parliament
            • Domain 2 – Structure and organisation
            • Domain 3 – Staff organisation and procedures
          • AREA 3 – Women’s interests and concerns have adequate SPACE on parliamentary agenda
            • Domain 1 – Gender mainstreaming structures
            • Domain 2 – Gender mainstreaming tools in parliamentary work
            • Domain 3 – Gender mainstreaming tools for staff
          • AREA 4 – The parliament produces gender-sensitive LEGISLATION
            • Domain 1 – Gender equality laws and policies
            • Domain 2 – Gender mainstreaming in laws
            • Domain 3 – Oversight of gender equality
          • AREA 5 – The parliament complies with its SYMBOLIC function
            • Domain 1 – Symbolic meanings of spaces
            • Domain 2 – Gender equality in external communication and representation
        • How gender-sensitive are parliaments in the EU?
        • Examples of gender-sensitive practices in parliaments
          • Women and men have equal opportunities to ENTER the parliament
          • Women and men have equal opportunities to INFLUENCE the parliament’s working procedures
          • Women’s interests and concerns have adequate SPACE on parliamentary agenda
          • The parliament produces gender-sensitive LEGISLATION
          • The parliament complies with its SYMBOLIC function
        • Glossary of terms
        • References and resources
      • Gender Budgeting
        • Back to toolkit page
        • Für wen ist dieses Toolkit gedacht?
        • Warum ist die Berücksichtigung des Gleichstellungsaspekts bei der Haushaltsplanung für die europäischen Fonds in geteilter Verwaltung von Bedeutung?
          • Drei Gründe, warum es wichtig ist, den Gleichstellungsaspekt bei der Haushaltsplanung für die EU-Fonds zu berücksichtigen
        • Was ist die Berücksichtigung von Gleichstellungsaspekten bei der Haushaltsplanung?
          • Einführung der Berücksichtigung des Gleichstellungsaspekts bei der Haushaltsplanung
          • Was hat die Berücksichtigung des Gleichstellungsaspekts bei der Haushaltsplanung mit den Lebenswirklichkeiten von Frauen und Männern zu tun?
          • Was umfasst die Berücksichtigung des Gleichstellungsaspekts bei der Haushaltsplanung in der Praxis?
          • Berücksichtigung des Gleichstellungsaspekts bei der Haushaltsplanung im Rahmen der EU-Fonds
            • Berücksichtigung des Gleichstellungsaspekts bei der Haushaltsplanung als Form der Einhaltung von EU-Rechtsvorschriften
            • Berücksichtigung des Gleichstellungsaspekts bei der Haushaltsplanung als eine Form der Förderung der Rechenschaftspflicht und Transparenz bei der öffentlichen Haushaltsplanung und Verwaltung
            • Die Berücksichtigung des Gleichstellungsaspekts bei der Haushaltsplanung als Weg, um die Teilnahme von Frauen und Männern an den Haushaltsverfahren zu steigern
            • Die Berücksichtigung des Gleichstellungsaspekts bei der Haushaltsplanung als Weg zur Förderung der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in ihrer gesamten Vielfalt
        • Wie können wir den Gleichstellungsaspekt bei der Haushaltsplanung im Rahmen der EU‑Fonds berücksichtigen? Praktische Instrumente und Beispiele aus den Mitgliedstaaten
          • Instrument 1: Verknüpfung der EU-Fonds mit dem EU-Rechtsrahmen zur Geschlechtergleichstellung
            • Gesetzgeberische und gesetzliche Grundlage für die Gleichstellungspolitik der EU
            • Konkrete Anforderungen für die Berücksichtigung der Geschlechtergleichstellung innerhalb der EU-Fonds
            • Grundlegende Voraussetzungen der EU-Fonds
            • Zusätzliche Ressourcen
          • Instrument 2: Analyse der geschlechtsspezifischen Ungleichheiten und Bedürfnisse auf nationaler und subnationaler Ebene
            • Schritte zur Bewertung und Analyse der geschlechtsspezifischen Ungleichheiten und Bedürfnisse
            • Schritt 1: Erfassung von Informationen und aufgeschlüsselten Daten zur Zielgruppe
            • Schritt 2: Ermittlung der vorhandenen geschlechtsspezifischen Ungleichheiten und der zugrunde liegenden Ursachen
            • Schritt 3: Direkter Austausch mit den Zielgruppen
            • Schritt 4. Schlussfolgerungen ziehen
            • Zusätzliche Ressourcen
          • Instrument 3: Operationalisierung der Geschlechtergleichstellung in den politischen Zielsetzungen (in Partnerschaftsvereinbarungen) und spezifischen Zielsetzungen/ Maßnahmen (in operationellen Programmen)
            • Schritte zur Operationalisierung der Geschlechtergleichstellung in Partnerschaftsvereinbarungen und operationellen Programmen
            • Allgemeine Leitlinien zur Operationalisierung der Geschlechtergleichstellung bei der Entwicklung der politischen Zielsetzungen, spezifischen Ziele und Maßnahmen
            • Checkliste für die Umsetzung des bereichsübergreifenden Grundsatzes der Gleichstellung der Geschlechter in Partnerschaftsvereinbarungen
            • Checkliste für die Umsetzung des bereichsübergreifenden Grundsatzes der Gleichstellung der Geschlechter in operationellen Programmen
            • Beispiele für die Integration der Geschlechtergleichstellung als bereichsübergreifender Grundsatz in die politischen Ziele und spezifischen Zielsetzungen
          • Instrument 4: Koordinierung der EU-Fonds zur Verbesserung der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Privatleben und Komplementaritäten zwischen diesen Fonds
            • Schritte zur Verbesserung der Koordinierung und Komplementarität zwischen den Fonds
            • Schritt 1: Ausrichtung an den Zielen der EU des strategischen Engagements für die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter und an den nationalen Zielen für die Geschlechtergleichstellung
            • Schritte 2 und 3: Ermittlung und Entwicklung möglicher Interventionen zur Verbesserung der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Privatleben
            • Schritt 4: Nachbereitung durch die Verwendung von Indikatoren im Rahmen der Überwachungs- und Evaluierungssysteme
            • Fiktive Fallstudie 1: Vereinbarkeit von bezahlter Arbeit und Kinderbetreuung
            • Fiktive Fallstudie 2: Vereinbarkeit von Schichtarbeit und Kinderbetreuung
            • Fiktive Fallstudie 3: Ausgleich zwischen Versorgungsarbeit für sich und andere
            • Fiktive Fallstudie 4: Vereinbarkeit von Pflege und Betreuung von Kindern und älteren Personen mit der Schichtarbeit
            • Zusätzliche Ressourcen
          • Instrument 5: Festlegung von Partnerschaften und Steuerung auf mehreren Ebenen – Identifizierung der relevanten Partnerinnen und Partner, die Rolle von Gleichstellungsexpertinnen und -experten und die Zusammensetzung der Überwachungsausschüsse
            • Schritte für die Festlegung von Partnerschaften und Steuerung auf mehreren Ebenen
            • Zusätzliche Ressourcen
          • Instrument 6: Ausarbeitung von quantitativen und qualitativen Indikatoren für die Förderung der Geschlechtergleichstellung
            • Schritte für die Entwicklung von quantitativen und qualitativen Indikatoren
            • EFRE und Kohäsionsfonds (die gleichen gemeinsamen Indikatoren)
            • Europäischer Sozialfonds Plus
            • Europäischer Meeres- und Fischereifonds
            • Zusätzliche Ressourcen
          • Instrument 7: Festlegung der gleichstellungsorientierten Kriterien für die Auswahl der Vorhaben
            • Schritte zur Unterstützung der gleichstellungsorientierten Entwicklung und Auswahl von Vorhaben
            • Checkliste für die Ausarbeitung von Aufforderungen zur Einreichung von Vorschlägen für Vorhaben
            • Checkliste für die Kriterien zur Auswahl der Vorhaben
            • Zusätzliches Instrument 7.a: Geschlechtergerechte Vereinbarungen mit den Projektträgern
          • Instrument 8: Nachverfolgung der Mittelzuweisungen für die Geschlechtergleichstellung bei den EU-Fonds
            • Ensuring gender relevance in EU Funds
            • The tracking system
            • Steps for tracking resource allocations on gender equality
            • Step 1: Ex ante approach
            • Step 2: Ex post approach
            • Examples of Step 2a
            • Annex 1: Ex ante assignment of intervention fields to the gender equality dimension codes
            • Annex 2: The EU’s gender equality legal and policy framework
          • Instrument 9: Einbeziehung der Geschlechtergleichstellung bei der Konzipierung des Projekts
            • Schritte für die Einbeziehung der Geschlechtergleichstellung bei der Konzipierung des Projekts
            • Schritt 1: Ausrichtung an den Gleichstellungszielen und Indikatoren der Partnerschaftsvereinbarungen und operationellen Programme
            • Schritt 2: Entwicklung des Vorhabens und Antrag
            • Schritt 3. Umsetzung des Vorhabens
            • Schritt 4. Beurteilung des Vorhabens
          • Instrument 10: Berücksichtigung der Geschlechterperspektive bei den Überwachungs- und Evaluierungsverfahren
            • Schritte zur Einbeziehung der Geschlechterperspektive in die Überwachungs- und Evaluierungsverfahren
            • Zusätzliche Ressourcen
          • Instrument 11: Berichterstattung zur Mittelverwendung für die Geschlechtergleichstellung im Rahmen der EU-Fonds
            • Nachverfolgung der Ausgaben für die Geschlechtergleichstellung
            • Zusätzliche Ressourcen
          • Literaturverzeichnis
          • Abkürzungen
          • Danksagung
      • Gender-responsive Public Procurement
        • Back to toolkit page
        • Who is this toolkit for?
          • Guiding you through the toolkit
        • What is gender-responsive public procurement?
          • How is gender-responsive public procurement linked to gender equality?
          • How is gender-responsive public procurement linked to gender budgeting?
          • Five reasons why gender-responsive public procurement
          • Why was this toolkit produced
        • Gender-responsive public procurement in practice
          • Legal framework cross-references gender equality and public procurement
          • Public procurement strategies cover GRPP
          • Gender equality action plans or strategies mention public procurement
          • Capacity-building programmes, support structures
          • Regular collaboration between gender equality bodies
          • Effective monitoring and reporting systems on the use of GRPP
          • Tool 1:Self-assessment questionnaire about the legal
          • Tool 2: Overview of the legislative, regulatory and policy frameworks
        • How to include gender aspects in tendering procedures
          • Pre-procurement stage
            • Needs assessment
            • Tool 3: Decision tree to assess the gender relevance
            • Preliminary market consultation
            • Tool 4: Guiding questions for needs assessment
            • Defining the subject matter of the contract
            • Choosing the procedure
            • Tool 5: Decision tree for the choice of procedure for GRPP
            • Dividing the contract into lots
            • Tool 6: Guiding questions for dividing contracts into lots for GRPP
            • Light regime for social, health and other specific services
            • Tool 7: Guiding questions for applying GRPP under the light regime
            • Tool 8: Guiding questions for applying GRPP under the light regime
            • Reserved contracts
            • Preparing tender documents
          • Procurement stage
            • Exclusion grounds
            • Selection criteria
            • Technical specifications
            • Tool 9: Decision tree for setting GRPP selection criteria
            • Award criteria
            • Tool 10: Formulating GRPP award criteria
            • Tool 11: Bidders’ concepts to ensure the integration of gender aspects
            • Use of labels/certifications
          • Post-procurement stage
            • Tool 12: Checklist for including GRPP contract performance conditions
            • Subcontracting
            • Monitoring
            • Reporting
            • Tool 13: Template for a GRPP monitoring and reporting plan
        • References
        • Additional resources
    • Methods and tools
      • Browse
      • About EIGE's methods and tools
      • Gender analysis
      • Gender audit
      • Gender awareness-raising
      • Gender budgeting
      • Gender impact assessment
      • Gender equality training
      • Gender evaluation
      • Gender statistics and indicators
      • Gender monitoring
      • Gender planning
      • Gender-responsive public procurement
      • Gender stakeholder consultation
      • Sex-disaggregated data
      • Institutional transformation
      • Examples of methods and tools
      • Resources
    • Good practices
      • Browse
      • About good practices
      • EIGE’s approach to good practices
    • Country specific information
      • Belgium
        • Overview
        • Browse all Belgium content
      • Bulgaria
        • Overview
        • Browse all Bulgaria content
      • Czechia
        • Overview
        • Browse all Czechia content
      • Denmark
        • Overview
        • Browse all Denmark content
      • Germany
        • Overview
        • Browse all Germany content
      • Estonia
        • Overview
        • Browse all Estonia content
      • Ireland
        • Overview
        • Browse all Ireland content
      • Greece
        • Overview
        • Browse all Greece content
      • Spain
        • Overview
        • Browse all Spain content
      • France
        • Overview
        • Browse all France content
      • Croatia
        • Overview
        • Browse all Croatia content
      • Italy
        • Overview
        • Browse all Italy content
      • Cyprus
        • Overview
        • Browse all Cyprus content
      • Latvia
        • Overview
        • Browse all Latvia content
      • Lithuania
        • Overview
        • Browse all Lithuania content
      • Luxembourg
        • Overview
        • Browse all Luxembourg content
      • Hungary
        • Overview
        • Browse all Hungary content
      • Malta
        • Overview
        • Browse all Malta content
      • Netherlands
        • Overview
        • Browse all Netherlands content
      • Austria
        • Overview
        • Browse all Austria content
      • Poland
        • Overview
        • Browse all Poland content
      • Portugal
        • Overview
        • Browse all Portugal content
      • Romania
        • Overview
        • Browse all Romania content
      • Slovenia
        • Overview
        • Browse all Slovenia content
      • Slovakia
        • Overview
        • Browse all Slovakia content
      • Finland
        • Overview
        • Browse all Finland content
      • Sweden
        • Overview
        • Browse all Sweden content
      • United Kingdom
        • Overview
    • EIGE’s publications on Gender mainstreaming
    • Concepts and definitions
    • Power Up conference 2019
  • Gender-based violence
    • What is gender-based violence?
    • Forms of violence
    • EIGE’s work on gender-based violence
    • Administrative data collection
      • Data collection on violence against women
      • About the tool
      • Administrative data sources
      • Advanced search
    • Analysis of EU directives from a gendered perspective
    • Costs of gender-based violence
    • Cyber violence against women
    • Femicide
    • Intimate partner violence and witness intervention
    • Female genital mutilation
      • Risk estimations
    • Risk assessment and risk management by police
      • Risk assessment principles and steps
          • Principle 1: Prioritising victim safety
          • Principle 2: Adopting a victim-centred approach
          • Principle 3: Taking a gender-specific approach
          • Principle 4: Adopting an intersectional approach
          • Principle 5: Considering children’s experiences
          • Step 1: Define the purpose and objectives of police risk assessment
          • Step 2: Identify the most appropriate approach to police risk assessment
          • Step 3: Identify the most relevant risk factors for police risk assessment
          • Step 4: Implement systematic police training and capacity development
          • Step 5: Embed police risk assessment in a multiagency framework
          • Step 6: Develop procedures for information management and confidentiality
          • Step 7: Monitor and evaluate risk assessment practices and outcomes
      • Risk management principles and recommendations
        • Principle 1. Adopting a gender-specific approach
        • Principle 2. Introducing an individualised approach to risk management
        • Principle 3. Establishing an evidence-based approach
        • Principle 4. Underpinning the processes with an outcome-focused approach
        • Principle 5. Delivering a coordinated, multiagency response
      • Legal and policy framework
      • Tools and approaches
      • Areas for improvement
      • References
    • Good practices in EU Member States
    • Methods and tools in EU Member States
    • White Ribbon Campaign
      • About the White Ribbon Campaign
      • White Ribbon Ambassadors
    • Regulatory and legal framework
      • International regulations
      • EU regulations
      • Strategic framework on violence against women 2015-2018
      • Legal Definitions in the EU Member States
    • Literature and legislation
    • EIGE's publications on gender-based violence
    • Videos
  • Gender Equality Index
    • View countries
    • Compare countries
    • Thematic Focus
    • About Index
    • Publications
    • Index 2021 Conference
    • Index Game
    • Videos
  • Gender Statistics Database
    • Browse Gender Statistics
    • Data talks
    • FAQs
    • About
    • Search
  • Beijing Platform for Action
  • Countries
    • Belgium
    • Bulgaria
    • Czechia
    • Denmark
    • Germany
    • Estonia
    • Ireland
    • Greece
    • Spain
    • France
    • Croatia
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    • Lithuania
    • Luxembourg
    • Hungary
    • Malta
    • Netherlands
    • Austria
    • Poland
    • Portugal
    • Romania
    • Slovenia
    • Slovakia
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    • Sweden
  • Topics
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      • Covid-19 and gender equality
    • Violence
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    • Digital agenda
    • Economic and financial affairs
    • Education
    • Employment
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  • About EIGE
    • EIGE's organisation
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    • Our work
      • Stakeholders
      • EU candidate countries and potential candidates
        • About the IPA project
        • Examples from the region
          • Browse
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        • Gender equality indices in the Western Balkans and Turkey
        • Gender statistics in the Western Balkans and Turkey
      • Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) agencies
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  • EIGE’s publications
    • Gender-sensitive Communication
      • Overview of the toolkit
      • First steps towards more inclusive language
        • Terms you need to know
        • Why should I ever mention gender?
        • Choosing whether to mention gender
        • Key principles for inclusive language use
      • Challenges
        • Stereotypes
          • Avoid gendered pronouns (he or she) when the person’s gender is unknown
          • Avoid irrelevant information about gender
          • Avoid gendered stereotypes as descriptive terms
          • Gendering in-animate objects
          • Using different adjectives for women and men
          • Avoid using stereotypical images
        • Invisibility and omission
          • Do not use ‘man’ as the neutral term
          • Do not use ‘he’ to refer to unknown people
          • Do not use gender-biased nouns to refer to groups of people
          • Take care with ‘false generics’
          • Greetings and other forms of inclusive communication
        • Subordination and trivialisation
          • Naming conventions
          • Patronising language
      • Test your knowledge
        • Quiz 1: Policy document
        • Quiz 2: Job description
        • Quiz 3: Legal text
      • Practical tools
        • Solutions for how to use gender-sensitive language
        • Pronouns
        • Invisibility or omission
        • Common gendered nouns
        • Adjectives
        • Phrases
      • Policy context
    • Work-life balance in the ICT sector
      • Back to toolkit page
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FGM study: More girls at risk but community opposition growing

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Naujienos
Temos:
Health, Justice, Migration, Youth, Violence
Publication date:
04 Vasaris 2021
Female genital mutilation in the EU

Image: Chiara Luxardo

To mark the International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) on 6 February, the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) has released estimations of the number of girls at risk of FGM in Denmark, Spain, Luxembourg and Austria.

The estimations find that increases in the number of migrants from FGM-practising countries since 2011 has pushed up the number of girls at risk in Spain, Luxembourg and Austria. EIGE has now calculated the numbers of girls at risk in a total of 13 EU Member States. 

However, changes in countries of origin of migrants in Spain and Austria have shrunk the share of girls at particularly high risk of FGM. In Austria, for example, the largest group of girls at risk now comes from Iraq. Iraq has a much lower prevalence rate of FGM than Ethiopia, which is where most girls at risk came from in 2011. FGM-affected communities in the EU also largely hold negative views around the practice and believe it is slowly dying out in their countries of origin.

“EIGE’s latest estimations of the number of girls at risk of FGM show that legislation and campaigns work. The absolute number of girls at risk has gotten bigger because there are more girls from FGM-practising countries living in the EU, but affected communities are increasingly opposed to the practice and frequently lead efforts to eliminate it. We are winning the fight against FGM,” said Carlien Scheele, EIGE’s Director.

EIGE estimates that in Denmark, between 11 and 21 % of girls originating from FGM-practising countries are at risk (1,408 - 2,568 girls). In Spain the share is 9 - 15 % (3,435 - 6,025 girls), 12 - 17 % in Luxembourg (102 - 136 girls) and 12 - 18 % in Austria (735 - 1,083 girls). Asylum seeking girls are at higher risk in all countries for which we have data, with the share of girls at risk reaching 37 % in Denmark, 19 % in Luxembourg and 31 % in Austria.

Anti-FGM legislation and policy is strong in all four countries of EIGE’s study. All countries criminalise FGM, including when performed abroad. However, protection is weaker for women and girls trying to enter the EU to seek safety from FGM. Out of the four countries in the study, only Luxembourg formally recognises FGM as grounds for asylum. While FGM has been a factor in successful asylum applications in Denmark, Spain and Austria, such cases are rare. In Spain, the majority of FGM-related applications are rejected because FGM is illegal in the country of origin, though it may still take place in practice.

In order to eliminate FGM, EIGE recommends EU Member States provide specialised training to professionals in sectors dealing with affected communities, such as healthcare, education, law enforcement and child protection, asylum and migration. EIGE also recommends countries implement national registration systems to record cases of FGM, invest in grassroots campaigns, and recognise FGM as a form of gender-based persecution in the asylum system.

FGM is a severe form of gender-based violence that leaves deep physical and psychological scars on the lives of victims around the world. It is a violent form of subordination of women and girls and it stands in gross contradiction to the principle of gender equality. As long as the practice persists, EIGE will continue to help the EU eliminate it.

Notes to editors

EIGE has developed a methodology to estimate the number of girls at risk of FGM in the EU and has applied it to a total of 13 Member States. The calculation includes a high-risk and a low-risk scenario. In the high-risk scenario, it is assumed migration has no impact and that girls originating from an FGM-practising country and living in an EU country face the same risk as if they had never migrated. In the low-risk scenario, it is assumed that migration and integration have an impact on risk by changing attitudes to FGM.

As part of the study, focus groups were held with FGM-affected communities in Denmark, Luxembourg, Spain and Austria. The communities in each country came from:

  • Austria: Egypt and Sudan.
  • Denmark: Somalia, Iraq and Iran.
  • Luxembourg: Eritrea, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea and Senegal.
  • Spain: Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Somalia, Nigeria, The Gambia and Ethiopia.

Further reading

Estimation of girls at risk of female genital mutilation in the European Union: Denmark, Spain, Luxembourg and Austria

How many girls are at risk? Country factsheets for Austria, Denmark, Luxembourg and Spain

Estimation of girls at risk of female genital mutilation in the European Union: Step-by-step guide

European Commission's statement

European Commission's memo

European Commission's myth-busting FGM factsheet

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