… Policies, Publications Office of the European Union, 2018, p. 30 ( https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/604949/IPOL_STU… ). [4] … gegenüber Frauen: Wo fängt sie an und wo hört sie auf?’, 2018 ( …
… contest’, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 74, No 3, 2018, p. 428 ( … adults, and the elderly’, Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 9, 2018 ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6028777/ … and violence against women in parliaments in Europe, 2018 ( http://www.assembly.coe.int/LifeRay/EGA/WomenFFViolence/2018/20181016-WomenParliamentIssues-EN.pdf ). [6] Berdahl et …
… Footnotes [1] EIGE, Study in the EU: set apart by gender, 2018 ( … ). [2] EIGE, Study in the EU: set apart by gender, 2018, p. 69 ( … 2019. [4] EIGE, Study in the EU: set apart by gender, 2018, pp. 21–23 ( … must assign work fairly’, Harvard Business Review, 2018 ( …
… above, which was received by women employees at a 2018 UK training event of a professional services firm. … stereotypes’, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 69, 2018, pp. 275–298 ( … for men, Chatto & Windus, London, 2019. [8] Ellemers, 2018. [9] Lavaysse, L. M., Probst, T. M. and Arena Jr., …
… 2020e; Iancu and Iancu, 2017; Stavrotheodoros et al., 2018). In order to contain costs and allow the long-term care … environment (Iancu and Iancu, 2017; Medrano-Gil et al., 2018). The greatest advantage of these devices is their … and improving service efficiency (Medrano-Gil et al., 2018). AsT’s benefits thus go beyond the medical sphere, …
… European Parliament, 2018b; Ferrier and Garud-Patkar, 2018; Henrichsen et al., 2015; Posetti, 2017; Rego, 2018), political figures and human rights defenders, … including feminist activists (Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2018; Lewis et al., 2017), and academics (Kavanagh and Brown, …
… tend to be best served by the software (Burnett et al., 2018). Algorithms, an automated data processing technique, … education and sexual orientation (LIBE Committee, 2018). Use of AI may have gendered consequences in a wide … system was fed ‘he’ (doctor) and ‘she’ (nurse) (Lu et al., 2018). It is not gender bias alone that surfaces, but other …
… and Member State levels, the gender pay gap persists. In 2018, on average, women’s gross hourly pay was 14.8 % lower … factors underpinning the pay gap (EIGE, 2019c; Eurostat, 2018). A large share of the pay differences (around one … different economic activities and occupations (Eurostat, 2018), with those that are female dominated often being …
… can work (Eurofound, 2017b; Laundon and Williams, 2018). This flexibility in time and place is typically … working hours after childbirth (Chung and Van der Horst, 2018). The European Commission’s Work–Life Balance Directive … is not self-evident, however (Chung and Van der Lippe, 2018). The impact of using ICT and teleworking depends on how …
… be delivered via ‘one-off contracts’ (Howcroft and Rubery, 2018). The past decade saw this process culminate in the … for achieving gender equality (Howcroft and Rubery, 2018; ILO, 2018c; Overseas Development Institute, 2019; … in ICT and other occupations, by gender and country, 2018 Figure 48. Gender composition of the workplaces of ICT …
… from other sources (Huws et al., 2019; ILO, 2018c; JRC, 2018). Women are currently under-represented in platform … well-paid, secure and high-quality jobs. From 2008 to 2018, the growth in employment of ICT specialists was more … the EU faced a shortage of some 600 000 ICT specialists in 2018 (European Commission, 2018h). This mismatch between the …
… performed by women and men (aged 16–74) in the EU (%), 2018 Earlier estimates predicted that digitalisation could … of 10–20 % of jobs at risk (International Monetary Fund, 2018; OECD, 2016; PwC, 2019). Increasingly, it looks like … due to automation than men (International Monetary Fund, 2018; OECD, 2016; PwC, 2019). A recent International Monetary …
… themselves of these opportunities (EIGE, 2018b, 2018d). In 2018, around one in five people (18 % of women compared with … or application skills, by sex, age, and education level, 2018 Although most women and men (62 % and 67 %, …
… tend to be best served by the software (Burnett et al., 2018). Three main types of biases were identified: bias in … is spreading quickly but not always equally (Yang et al., 2018). In 2019, 74 % of women and 76 % of men had mobile … qualitative dimensions as well. For example, Yang et al. (2018) found that adolescent women (aged 16–20) exhibited …
… amount of work being contracted out (Howcroft and Rubery, 2018; Piasna and Drahokoupil, 2017), with new contracting … irrespective of the type of employment relationship. In 2018, the European Commission set up a high-level expert …