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  • Gender mainstreaming
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      • Gender Equality Training
        • Back to toolkit page
        • What is Gender Equality Training
        • Why invest in Gender Equality Training
        • Who should use Gender Equality Training
        • Step-by-step guide to Gender Equality Training
            • 1. Assess the needs
            • 2. Integrate initiatives to broader strategy
            • 3. Ensure sufficient resources
            • 4. Write good terms of reference
            • 5. Select a trainer
            • 6. Engage in the needs assessment
            • 7. Actively participate in the initiative
            • 8. Invite others to join in
            • 9. Monitoring framework and procedures
            • 10. Set up an evaluation framework
            • 11. Assess long-term impacts
            • 12. Give space and support others
        • Designing effective Gender Equality Training
        • Gender Equality Training in the EU
        • Good Practices on Gender Equality Training
        • More resources on Gender Equality Training
        • More on EIGE's work on Gender Equality Training
      • Gender Impact Assessment
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        • What is Gender Impact Assessment
        • Why use Gender Impact Assessment
        • Who should use Gender Impact Assessment
        • When to use Gender Impact Assessment
        • Guide to Gender Impact Assessment
          • Step 1: Definition of policy purpose
          • Step 2: Checking gender relevance
          • Step 3: Gender-sensitive analysis
          • Step 4: Weighing gender impact
          • Step 5: Findings and proposals for improvement
        • Following up on gender impact assessment
        • General considerations
        • Examples from the EU
            • European Commission
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      • Institutional Transformation
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        • What is Institutional Transformation
          • Institutional transformation and gender: Key points
          • Gender organisations
          • Types of institutions
          • Gender mainstreaming and institutional transformation
          • Dimensions of gender mainstreaming in institutions: The SPO model
        • Why focus on Institutional Transformation
          • Motivation model
        • Who the guide is for
        • Guide to Institutional Transformation
            • 1. Creating accountability and strengthening commitment
            • 2. Allocating resources
            • 3. Conducting an organisational analysis
            • 4. Developing a strategy and work plan
            • 5. Establishing a support structure
            • 6. Setting gender equality objectives
            • 7. Communicating gender mainstreaming
            • 8. Introducing gender mainstreaming
            • 9. Developing gender equality competence
            • 10. Establishing a gender information management system
            • 11. Launching gender equality action plans
            • 12. Promotional equal opportunities
            • 13. Monitoring and steering organisational change
        • Dealing with resistance
          • Discourse level
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          • Statements and reactions
        • Checklist: Key questions for change
        • Examples from the EU
            • 1. Strengthening accountability
            • 2. Allocating resources
            • 3. Organisational analysis
            • 4. Developing a strategy and working plan
            • 5. Establishing a support structure
            • 6. Setting objectives
            • 7. Communicating gender mainstreaming
            • 8. Introducing methods and tools
            • 9. Developing Competence
            • 10. Establishing a gender information management system
            • 11. Launching action plans
            • 12. Promoting within an organisation
            • 13. Monitoring and evaluating
      • Gender Equality in Academia and Research
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        • WHAT
          • What is a Gender Equality Plan?
          • Terms and definitions
          • Which stakeholders need to be engaged into a GEP
          • About the Gear Tool
        • WHY
          • Horizon Europe GEP criterion
          • Gender Equality in Research and Innovation
          • Why change must be structural
          • Rationale for gender equality change in research and innovation
          • GEAR step-by-step guide for research organisations, universities and public bodies
            • Step 1: Getting started
            • Step 2: Analysing and assessing the state-of-play in the institution
            • Step 3: Setting up a Gender Equality Plan
            • Step 4: Implementing a Gender Equality Plan
            • Step 5: Monitoring progress and evaluating a Gender Equality Plan
            • Step 6: What comes after the Gender Equality Plan?
          • GEAR step-by-step guide for research funding bodies
            • Step 1: Getting started
            • Step 2: Analysing and assessing the state-of-play in the institution
            • Step 3: Setting up a Gender Equality Plan
            • Step 4: Implementing a Gender Equality Plan
            • Step 5: Monitoring progress and evaluating a Gender Equality Plan
            • Step 6: What comes after the Gender Equality Plan?
          • GEAR action toolbox
            • Work-life balance and organisational culture
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      • Gender-sensitive Parliaments
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        • What is the tool for?
        • Who is the tool for?
        • How to use the tool
        • Self-assessment, scoring and interpretation of parliament gender-sensitivity
          • AREA 1 – Women and men have equal opportunities to ENTER the parliament
            • Domain 1 – Electoral system and gender quotas
            • Domain 2 - Political party/group procedures
            • Domain 3 – Recruitment of parliamentary employees
          • AREA 2 – Women and men have equal opportunities to INFLUENCE the parliament’s working procedures
            • Domain 1 – Parliamentarians’ presence and capacity in a parliament
            • Domain 2 – Structure and organisation
            • Domain 3 – Staff organisation and procedures
          • AREA 3 – Women’s interests and concerns have adequate SPACE on parliamentary agenda
            • Domain 1 – Gender mainstreaming structures
            • Domain 2 – Gender mainstreaming tools in parliamentary work
            • Domain 3 – Gender mainstreaming tools for staff
          • AREA 4 – The parliament produces gender-sensitive LEGISLATION
            • Domain 1 – Gender equality laws and policies
            • Domain 2 – Gender mainstreaming in laws
            • Domain 3 – Oversight of gender equality
          • AREA 5 – The parliament complies with its SYMBOLIC function
            • Domain 1 – Symbolic meanings of spaces
            • Domain 2 – Gender equality in external communication and representation
        • How gender-sensitive are parliaments in the EU?
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          • Women and men have equal opportunities to ENTER the parliament
          • Women and men have equal opportunities to INFLUENCE the parliament’s working procedures
          • Women’s interests and concerns have adequate SPACE on parliamentary agenda
          • The parliament produces gender-sensitive LEGISLATION
          • The parliament complies with its SYMBOLIC function
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      • Gender Budgeting
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        • Who is this toolkit for?
        • What is gender budgeting?
          • Introducing gender budgeting
          • Gender budgeting in women’s and men’s lived realities
          • What does gender budgeting involve in practice?
          • Gender budgeting in the EU Funds
            • Gender budgeting as a way of complying with EU legal requirements
            • Gender budgeting as a way of promoting accountability and transparency
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            • Gender budgeting as a way of advancing gender equality
        • Why is gender budgeting important in the EU Funds?
          • Three reasons why gender budgeting is crucial in the EU Funds
        • How can we apply gender budgeting in the EU Funds? Practical tools and Member State examples
          • Tool 1: Connecting the EU Funds with the EU’s regulatory framework on gender equality
            • Legislative and regulatory basis for EU policies on gender equality
            • Concrete requirements for considering gender equality within the EU Funds
            • EU Funds’ enabling conditions
            • Additional resources
          • Tool 2: Analysing gender inequalities and gender needs at the national and sub-national levels
            • Steps to assess and analyse gender inequalities and needs
            • Step 1. Collect information and disaggregated data on the target group
            • Step 2. Identify existing gender inequalities and their underlying causes
            • Step 3. Consult directly with the target groups
            • Step 4. Draw conclusions
            • Additional resources
          • Tool 3: Operationalising gender equality in policy objectives and specific objectives/measures
            • Steps for operationalising gender equality in Partnership Agreements and Operational Programmes
            • General guidance on operationalising gender equality when developing policy objectives, specific objectives and measures
            • Checklist for putting the horizontal principle of gender equality into practice in Partnership Agreements
            • Checklist for putting the horizontal principle of gender equality into practice in Operational Programmes
            • Examples of integrating gender equality as a horizontal principle in policy objectives and specific objectives
          • Tool 4: Coordination and complementarities between the EU Funds to advance work-life balance
            • Steps for enhancing coordination and complementarities between the funds
            • Step 1. Alignment with the EU’s strategic engagement goals for gender equality and national gender equality goals
            • Steps 2 and 3. Identifying and developing possible work-life balance interventions
            • Step 4. Following-up through the use of indicators within M&E systems
            • Fictional case study 1: reconciling paid work and childcare
            • Fictional case study 2: reconciling shift work and childcare
            • Fictional case study 3: balancing care for oneself and others
            • Fictional case study 4: reconciling care for children and older persons with shift work
            • Additional resources
          • Tool 5: Defining partnerships and multi-level governance
            • Steps for defining partnerships and multi-level governance
            • Additional resources
          • Tool 6: Developing quantitative and qualitative indicators for advancing gender equality
            • Steps to develop quantitative and qualitative indicators
            • ERDF and Cohesion Fund
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            • Additional resources
          • Tool 7: Defining gender-sensitive project selection criteria
            • Steps to support gender-sensitive project development and selection
            • Checklist to guide the preparation of calls for project proposals
            • Checklist for project selection criteria
            • Supplementary tool 7.a: Gender-responsive agreements with project implementers
          • Tool 8: Tracking resource allocations for gender equality in the EU Funds
            • Ensuring gender relevance in EU Funds
            • The tracking system
            • Steps for tracking resource allocations on gender equality
            • Step 1: Ex ante approach
            • Step 2: Ex post approach
            • Examples of Step 2a
            • Annex 1: Ex ante assignment of intervention fields to the gender equality dimension codes
            • Annex 2: The EU’s gender equality legal and policy framework
          • Tool 9: Mainstreaming gender equality in project design
            • Steps to mainstream gender equality in project design
            • Step 1. Alignment with partnership agreements’ and Operational Programmes’ gender objectives and indicators
            • Step 2. Project development and application
            • Step 3. Project implementation
            • Step 4. Project assessment
          • Tool 10: Integrating a gender perspective in monitoring and evaluation processes
            • Steps to integrate a gender perspective in M&E processes
            • Additional resources
          • Tool 11: Reporting on resource spending for gender equality in the EU Funds
            • Tracking expenditures for gender equality
            • Additional resources
          • References
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      • Gender-responsive Public Procurement
        • Back to toolkit page
        • Who is this toolkit for?
          • Guiding you through the toolkit
        • What is gender-responsive public procurement?
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          • Five reasons why gender-responsive public procurement
          • Why was this toolkit produced
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          • Tool 1:Self-assessment questionnaire about the legal
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        • How to include gender aspects in tendering procedures
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            • Tool 3: Decision tree to assess the gender relevance
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            • Tool 4: Guiding questions for needs assessment
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            • Tool 5: Decision tree for the choice of procedure for GRPP
            • Dividing the contract into lots
            • Tool 6: Guiding questions for dividing contracts into lots for GRPP
            • Light regime for social, health and other specific services
            • Tool 7: Guiding questions for applying GRPP under the light regime
            • Tool 8: Guiding questions for applying GRPP under the light regime
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            • Tool 9: Decision tree for setting GRPP selection criteria
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            • Tool 10: Formulating GRPP award criteria
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            • Tool 12: Checklist for including GRPP contract performance conditions
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            • Tool 13: Template for a GRPP monitoring and reporting plan
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      • Foreword
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      • Introduction
        • Still far from the finish line
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My personal story

PrintDownload as PDF
Narrative
Šalis: Romania
Sex:
Female
Primary Topic:
PROFESSIONAL CAREER
Metai:
1980, 1990

R: (...) I have been a museum curator, I am a museum curator, I have graduated from History in 1967 and since then I have been working for a period of 22 years at the Museum of History of the Romanian Communist Party of the Revolutionary and Democratic Movement as a museum curator, doing guiding and tour work and a series of exhibitions, some of which I joined abroad, especially in socialist countries. (she explains she is currently retired but still working at the museum on a contract basis). I stayed for so many years after my retirement age and I think they accepted it also because (pauses) I hanged on, I was always here. On the other hand, this experience of mine compensated in a way for my wage loss because now I have many extra work years and so it makes a difference.
(...)

R: (...) But after the revolution, (name of female superior) opposed, and said that those (employers) from the Party Museum should start from entry level, so next thing you know, I started all over again as a junior curator, after 22 years. This affected me, considering I was divorced and single, it affected my wage a lot and even now is affecting my pension.
(…)

I: How did a woman divide her life between work and family (during the communist period)?

R: If she had a job it was very difficult. I am telling you from the point of view of the woman who didn’t have children, if you didn’t have children it wasn’t so complicated and I tried to help my female colleagues a lot. Before the Revolution (the Romanian revolution which overthrew the communist regime in 1989) we were working Saturdays and Sundays and we were free on Mondays. You can realize how this was problematic to women with children. (…) There were these kindergartens for them, which were pretty good before (before the Revolution) and didn’t cost them anything. So that existed, we have to admit, because today there are problems. I have here a cleaning woman who put one of her children in kindergarten, but cannot put the other child as well, because she cannot afford it, it’s a very serious issue. There used to be kindergartens which our institution belonged to, there was also compulsory medical care. So they (the women) would come here and would receive a consultation or had clinic hours assigned when all employees would go see the doctor and the woman was forced to do the gynecology check-up. Now they keep claiming it was for the pregnancy thing, but it wasn’t only for that...or maybe it was for that as well, to prevent you from...because it was that period when you weren’t permitted to have abortions. I, who only struggled to keep them, I wouldn’t know, I only had miscarriages, but they had little by little learned how to work around this. Of course it was difficult, but these medical check-ups still prevented some diseases. (…) But to me women, at least at official level, were more protected than in these day and age, somewhat more protected (she contrasts the time of the communist regime with the time of post-communism). Although when it was time to go to pickup corn at the institution, or to remove the snow, we would all go, from managers to women.
(…)

I: (...) How was the portrait of the ideal woman (during communism)? What did you feel was expected from them?

R: (...) The woman was - as was demanded from her to be - a mother, the accent was on being a mother. It’s only today that the accent is more on profession, a small change in accents, although even back then (under the communist regime) women wanted to see themselves professionally fulfilled as well. But back then there were more housewives. I look at my mother...well it was the ’50s...but my mother gave up work to raise us and it was just my father working. Now things have evolved.
(…)

I: Did your husband encourage you to work?

R: He didn’t oppose it. We were both historians. No, no...I think back then women were encouraged to work, not to stay home. From what I know, from the environment I was in at least. They were all working, they all wanted – especially in this intellectual field – to do extra activities, to write, to do fieldwork. I even worked at provincial museums, at (name town), at (name town). I would stay there for a month and this was no issue. So back then women were working side by side with men. Now I cannot tell how things are in the museum. In any case, today, I make up my mind with difficulty to ask for help from a man, physical help, because we are working with and carrying objects. Before, someone would immediately jump to help you. Now they do it less often. But I hope the youth will shape up and return to that solidarity.
(...)

R: (...) I believe she-Ceausescu (Elena Ceausescu, wife of the head of state) anticipated what was already going on in the Western World: the independent woman. She wasn’t so much of an academic, she wasn’t so much of a scientist, but did she fight? Yes, she did! It was the issue of equality of women to men. That she should work, that she should be an academic, a professor, a good doctor, no? A good surgeon… (...) I believe she took inspiration from the West. But that doesn’t mean one should be a fake female scientist, like she was (...).
(…)

I: When there were visits expected, and you received foreign delegations at the museum, did you identify something in those foreign women? Something that you felt you were missing or wishing to…?

R: Not when they arrived. Maybe I noticed more during visits abroad at the museums I went to. For instance, that they were, like the Polish women were, more emancipated. I’ve seen drunken women at the restaurants in Warsaw and in Romania I’ve never seen a woman falling off her chair in a restaurant from the alcohol, before the Revolution.

I: But why do you think they refrained from drinking?

R: No, I don’t think that, but we didn’t have the tradition for women to drink either. Look at it now, by doing ethnography, anthropology and sociology. We are rooted in a Romanian female peasant who was pretty austere and devoted to her husband [pause] you know? And this perpetuated to a great extent. But in my opinion emancipation started in the ‘70s. So then there was no more puzzle of how could a woman be single. Another example, we had here at the party museum, a colleague, so The Party Museum… who was divorced at 38, she didn’t have a baby and said “I’ll have a baby”. So pay attention to what I’m telling you. Her daughter is in Canada, I’m her godmotheR: “I’m having a baby for myself, without a husband”. She went to a theater play at Nottara… I can still remember this. She met the man, he was 10 years younger (…). And, mind you, nothing happened to her at the museum; on the contrary, we were always taking care of her. So she had an illegitimate child. During Ceausescu’s regime it wasn’t… Today it’s common again. If you want to have a child, two women can raise it. A man can’t. (…) I, for one, who couldn’t have children and I tried so hard and I almost died because of it, because I have a miscarriage for a month and I almost had a toxemia… I didn’t know I was having a miscarriage and when the doctor came by, he noticed that. But for children, I can understand anything. Because if there’s something I regret in life is that I didn’t have children, and nothing else. I didn’t just run idle either, all the time I was… that’s why I never had holidays. My mother is still reproaching me that … but practically my boss was taking holidays, she showed up for work at 1 p.m., or 2 p.m. and somebody had to be there, because we were at the public relations office. Mr (director’s name) came and started asking me to make phone calls, call people. An immigration writer came by and he sent me to him: “Give him an invitation! Ask him to stop by, because he’s a friend of mine from Paris, from Venice.”

Romanian

R: ...am fost muzeograf, sunt muzeograf, am absolvit Facultatea de Istorie in 1967 si de atunci am lucrat o perioada de 22 de ani la Muzeul de Istorie al Partidului Comunist al Miscarii Revolutionare si Democratice din Romania ca muzeograf, facand munca de indrumare si de ghidaj si o serie de expozitii, expozitii cu care am fost si in strainatate, in special in tarile socialiste, cum se obisnuia atunci si in general insotita de un sef de sectie din acel muzeu pentru ca neaparat cand se pleca in delegatie, pleca un sef cu un muzeograf. Am vizitat astfel foarte multe tari, ar fi foarte multe lucruri de povestit despre aceste vizite dar m-as intoarce putin la munca din muzeu pentru ca noi aici fiind tineri si incadrandu-ne intr-un muzeu cu destul de multe probleme si cu o parte dintre cei care lucrau aici fiind din generatia mai veche. In anii `70 ne-am confruntat cu niste probleme pentru ca noi cei tineri, veniti din muzeu, nu aveam de exemplu voie sa intram cu grupurile de turisti sovietici avand in muzeu doua angajate rusoaice care erau maritate cu romani si abia cand au intervenit niste probleme legate probabil si de o independenta a Romaniei fata de Uniunea Sovietica din acei ani, ne-am unit toti si am abordat problema pe care sa il facem si noi in perioada respectiva...
(...)

I : Ziceati ca erau primite si femei si intelectuali in partid ?

R : Da si femei si intelectuali dar sa fie o proportie.

I : Au fost momente si de-a lungul perioadei comuniste, adica au fost momente in care… ?

R : Eu una nu am simtit ca nu prea am stiut, nu prea m-am bagat asa in chestiile politice ca sa simt iar in muzeu deja erau membri de partid toti in general. Nu cred ca la femei, din contra cred ca femeile se primeau mai mult decat barbatii avand in vedere ca Elena Ceausescu era una din dictatoarele acestei tari. Dar dupa revolutie, (nume colega superior) a zis  “Nu”, ca cei de la muzeul partidului sa inceapa de la zero si gandeste-te ca am plecat din nou ca muzeograf debutant dupa 22 de ani. Asta m-a afectat avand in vedere ca eram si divortata si singura, m-a afectat mult la salariu si ma afecteaza si acum la pensie intr-un fel. Pentru ca am inceput din nou cu muzeograf debutant am fost singura din muzeu, care fiind pe profil stiintific, am dat iarasi muzeograf debutant, muzeograf trei si muzeograf unu, intelegeti? Cand eu la vechimea si altii care au venit au ramas pe…aici a fost un moment in `99 cand domnul (nume director) a plecat la operatie de inima la Paris si seful meu (nume superior ierarhic) i-a spus ca ma descurcam foarte greu si ca era o situatie mai grea si ca totusi eu eram aici si singurul ghid si primul ghid care am condus de exemplu in `93 toate sotiile corpului diplomatic, ambasadorilor din Bucuresti care au venit sa viziteze muzeul si pe mine m-a pus sa fac acest ghidaj prima data, era primul ghidaj intr-un muzeu deci in `93. M-am descurcat foarte bine, am primit un cos mare cu flori, nu stiu ce, dar mie munca de ghidaj mi-a placut pentru ca eu sunt facuta pentru aceasta comunicare cu oamenii, cu publicul. In `99 inainte sa plece domnul (nume director) la Paris, m-a chemat in birou, era chiar inainte de sarbatori si noi pregateam targul de Sfantu Nicolae, ne-a dat o prima si si-a cerut scuze ca el a realizat cat am muncit eu, ce am facut pentru muzeu, dar ma rog, asta a fost situatia si i-am spus : “Domnul (nume director), pentru dumneavoastra…” eu il cunosteam ca pictor de inainte de revolutie, chiar in aceasta sala inainte de revolutie a avut o expozitie, sala asta era sala de expozitii, noi o inchiriam pentru absolventii de arte plastice, artisti, deci au fost foarte multe expozitii, nu era o sala cu o expozitie anume ci o inchiriam. De fapt, o dadeam gratuit atunci si acum in general clubul e generos asa ca am avut o discutie mai apropiata asa si i-am spus: “Domnul (nume director), eu am ramas si asta pentru ca mi-a placut ce am facut.” Si practic mi-a placut muzeul foarte mult, ideea care a pus in scena practic acest muzeu domnul (nume director) si pentru care multi l-au criticat la inceput dar pe urma au inteles ca a facut un lucru unic si care totusi va ramane in istoria muzeografiei romanesti. Din pacate dansul s-a stins si a urmat o alta perioada, niste reorganizari. Relatiile publice s-au amplificat, s-au introdus niste calculatoare si au venit niste tineri la relatii si noi am ramas cu munca aceasta de baza : expozitiile, galeria de arta si totodata la nevoie mai faceam si ghidaj de muzeu. Ii director profesorul (nume director 2). Pe urma, (nume director 3) si astazi directorul. In toate perioadele, deci eu practic depasisem varsta de pensie si consider faptul ca am ajuns la 66 de ani in acest muzeu ca am facut ceva, am fost apreciata de toti directorii, nu am avut nici o problema, din contra.
(...)

R: Deci am stat atatia ani peste varsta de pensie si cred ca m-au acceptat si in ideea ca [pauza] am rezistat, eram prezenta si asa si pe de alta parte aceasta vechime intr-un fel poate a compensat ceva la pensie din pierderea de salariu pentru ca am multi ani in plus si atunci a contat.

I: Cum era, cum isi putea imparti femeia viata intre serviciu si familie?

R: Daca aveai serviciu era foarte greu. Eu iti spun din punct de vedere al femeii care nu a avut copii, daca nu aveai copii, nu era atat de complicat si eu am incercat sa imi ajut mult colegele. Deci noi lucram inainte de Revolutie si sambata si duminica si eram liberi luni, iti dai seama, pentru femeile cu copii era o problema. Exista intelegere, sa le mai invoiasca in anumite momente dar eram la ghidaj sapte si sapte intr-o tura si nu aveai cum sa…si eu de obicei faceam tura dubla sau le ajutam. Existau insa pentru ele acele gradinite care erau destul de bune inainte si nu le costa nimic. Deci asta exista, trebuie sa recunoastem, pentru ca astazi sunt niste probleme. Am aici o femeie de servici pana si-a dat un copil la gradinita, pe al doilea nu poate sa il dea, bani nu are sa plateasca, sunt foarte multe probleme. Existau gradinite de care apartinea institutia noastra, exista ingrijirea medicala obligatorie. Deci, veneau aici si le consultau sau aveau ore la policlinica in care se duceau toti salariatii muzeului si femeia era obligata sa faca controlul ginecologic. Ei zic de multe ori si pentru chestia de sarcina dar nu numai, ca sa stii ca s-au descoperit, sigur poate si pentru chestia asta sa nu iti faci poate, ca era perioada cand nu aveai voie sa faci chiuretaje. Eu care m-am luptat numai sa le tin, nu stiu cum, am avut numai avorturi spontane dar invatasera usor, usor sa se mai descurce, dar sigur ca era greu insa existau aceste controale care preveneau totusi niste boli. Lucru care abia acum incearca sa il reia niste institutii si chiar si la noi dar foarte timid. Si atunci omul, decat sa te duci la doctor si sa dai niste bani, la salariile muzeografilor este destul de greu. Dar [pauza] femeile cel putin asa declarativ erau mi se parea mie ceva totusi mai protejate decat astazi, ceva mai protejate. Desi cand era vorba de mers la cules de porumb, la institutie vorbesc sau de dat zapada, ieseam toti, de la directori si pana la femei. De la barbati pana la…dar daca iti era rau sau asa te puteai…Eu ce consider si asta mi se pare foarte, pentru ca stii, se prezinta totul prea global, conteaza institutia si omul. Eu am avut un sef de sectie, un om extraordinar, un coleg de-al nostru muzeograf cu care discutam orice si daca nu stiam ceva, facea el sau daca…nu au existat, nu au fost mari turnatorii. Dar a fost o situatie care cred totusi ca ar trebui sa fie spusa. (...) (povesteste doua cazuri de raportari la Securitate si comenteaza practica publicarii de texte de propaganda)

I: Ati zis ca ati scris despre Ecaterina Teodoroiu, cum era ea portretizata ca eroina?

R: Nu, noi plecam si de la contextul ca, bine ca a fost una din putinele femei care s-a dus pe front si asa. Dar pregateam si in contextul asta al razboiului si al participarii noastre la razboi. Da, nu, in general chipuri de femei in istorie au existat destul de multe la noi si am avut o colega care a si scris o carte despre asta. In stiinta, in medicina, arta nu vorbesc. Si fiind un muzeu de istorie, evidentiam in momente din astea speciale pe ea sau pe Ecaterina Arbore care a fost una din primele femei socialiste si care a fost medic de meserie sa stii. Deci se cereau si articole. In preajma zilei de 8 martie (Ziua Femeii) de exemplu apareau mai multe articole despre femeile care si-au adus o anumita contributie intr-un domeniu sau altul.

I: Si cine mai era adusa in…?

R: Nu, erau din cultura mai multe. Eu de exemplu, am cunoscut-o si aveam, a venit chiar sa ne povesteasca niste lucruri si chiar Cella Delavrancea. A mai fost [pauza] Stelian pictorita. Dar au fost mai ales dintre…Asa ai putea sa iei sa stii ca exista lucrari de dinainte de revolutie despre personalitatile feminine in general sa mai vezi...

I: Puteti sa-mi povestiti cum se desfasura o zi de 8 martie si cum era sarbatorita?

R: Stai sa ma gandesc. Erau libere in general femeile ca si acum. Ca si acum ni se da liber. Dar…

I: Nu se sarbatorea si la muzeu si la televizor, in presa?

R: Era si spectacol dar eu nu mai tin minte toate. Nu ma uitam atunci la televizor ca fiind programul redus, eu mai faceam si sport, mai lucram si la Federatia de Scrima. Si eu sunt presedinta Fundatiei Scrima Romaneasca si asa ca sunt fetele de la scrima, (nume directoare) directoare, prietena mea de-o viata. Am facut scrima de la 14 ani dar avand doua hepatite nu am avut voie sa continui de performanta si am activat in federatie si activez si acum.

I: E federatia de scrima feminina?

R: Nu, e impreuna.

I: E mixt.

R: In Federatia de Scrima sunt toate pentru ca sunt arme pe care le fac acum femeile de exemplu, sabia nu o faceau inainte femeile, acum fac si sabie, barbatii fac toate armele dar femeile nu faceau sabie, faceau spada, floreta si acum fac si sabie.

I:Dar care era diferenta?

R: Diferentele sunt in functie de lovire si de lame, deci una e sa impungi si una e sa lovesti asa. Exista mai multe diferente.

I: Si de ce sabia nu era facuta inainte de femei, era mai greu de manuit?

R: Da, sabia e asa, are total alt stil de lovire, nu e ce vezi tu la d`Artagnan aduce mai mult cu spada decat cu floreta. Aduce si cu floreta da…asa ca imi ocupam foarte mult timpul. Mai plecam si in delegatii cu scrima. Asa ca nu ma uitam la televizor. In orice caz ca si astazi, astazi este mai putin fast dar si astazi se da liber la femei si atunci se dadea liber la femei. Si de 1 martie primeam martisoare ca si acum. Si acum ne dau o parte din colege, atunci ne dadeau si directorii, acum nu toti directorii. Unii ne-au dat, cum era domnul (nume director 3) care ne dadea ca el se cunoaste ca era sociolog si vedea altfel problemele.

I: Exista si cadouri din acestea materiale in bani?

R: Nu existau, stii de ce, pentru ca in general nu se dadeau prime sau astea ca acum sau ore suplimentare ca acum. Era salariul din care te puteai descurca atunci. Ca eu la revolutie aveam 3100 de lei, eram tot singura dar ma puteam descurca.

I: Si in presa ziceati ca apareau articole despre eroine?

R:Despre personalitati femei da, o mai elogiau si pe tovarasa din pacate.

I: Exista si Elena Ceausescu ca model feminin?

R: Da, existau sigur dar poti sa te mai uiti si la Revista Muzeelor care e si dinainte de revolutie si poti sa faci o foarte buna paralela intre, pentru ca Revista Muzeelor, o revista foarte buna calitativ si inainte si acum, afara de articolele politice, avea articole istorice si articole de cultura si de arta foarte bune. Pentru ca am intalnit dupa revolutie pe cineva care imi spunea „n-aveti voie cu icoanele!”, e total gresit. Nu aveati voie sa vorbiti despre icoane. Daca iei Revista Muzeelor o sa vezi chiar relatari despre o serie de zugravi iconari, despre o serie de istorii a unor icoane din niste lacase de cult, deci nu e chiar asa cum se spunea. Sigur, ca de la noi se ducea. Eu am botezat in timp, ce pot sa zic decat ca am botezat si nu mi-a zis nimeni nimic. Colegele mele se duceau vis-a-vis, fiind biserica Mavroghin aproape nu le interzicea nimeni sa se duca. Parerea mea e ca daca erai om si daca erai un om integru inchideai ochii si nu trebuia, turnatori ti-am spus au existat si vor exista dar practic nu iti spunea directorul: „Nu te duce sa…!” Deci eu am botezat, ce sa spun mai mult de atat. Si eram si membra de partid dar nu mi-a zis nimeni nimic. Se aducea apa sfintita ca si acum, salcie, de astea, deci niste lucruri se faceau si inainte. Nu la scara de acum dar...[pauza].

I: Ma intorc putin la 8 martie si la imaginea femeii care era sarbatorita cu astfel de ocazii. Cum era portretul, care era portretul femeii ideale? Ce simteati ca se cerea?

R: Pai la portretul femeii ideale presupun atunci ca se cereau toate.

I: Ce se cerea de la femeie diferit?

R: Nu, nu stiu ce se cerea. Azi o mai ascult pe madam Tatoiu care se lupta cu ce a scris si a avut aici lansarea cartii. Nu, femeia era, si se cerea de la ea sa fie si mama si…dar se punea foarte mult accent ca mama. Ori azi se pune mai mult profesional, o mica nuanta desi si atunci femeia vroia sa se vada implinita si profesional. Dar atunci existau mai multe femei casnice. Eu ma uit si mama mea, bine erau anii `50 dar mama mea a renuntat ca sa lucreze ca sa ne creasca pe noi si a lucrat doar tata. Acum lucrurile au evoluat.

I:Sotul dumneavoastra v-a incurajat sa lucrati?

R: Nu se opunea, nu. Eram amandoi de aceasi meserie istorici. Nu, nu, nu. Nu stiu cum era, nu atunci cred ca se incuraja sa lucreze femeia nu sa stea acasa. Din ce stiu eu, din mediul meu asa. Toate lucrau, toate mai vroiau, mai ales in domeniul asta intelectual sa scrie, sa mai faca ceva, nu, munca de teren se facea la fel. Eu am lucrat si la muzee din provincie: la (nume oras 1), la (nume oras 2). Stateam o luna si nu era o problema. Deci femeia lucra cot la cot cu barbatul atunci acum mi-e greu sa spun cum e in muzeu. In orice caz, astazi mai greu solicit ajutorul unui barbat, ajutorul fizic, ca noi lucram si caram niste obiecte. Inainte sarea imediat cineva sa te ajute, acum mai putin. Dar sper ca tineretul se va modela si va reveni la acea comuniune.
(...)

I: Apropo de inainte si dupa, credeti ca modelul Elenei Ceausescu, se mentine, a ramas sa bantuie femeia in Romania?

R: Nu, mie mi se pare exagerat.

I: Adica chiar credeti ca a contat?

R: Eu personal, adica stiu o treaba, stiu un lucru. Noi avem aici in magazie o doamna a carui sot a lucrat ospatar in casa la Ceausescu. Si un lucru era foarte clar, ei erau foarte apropiati. Deci din latura de familie, nu stiu daca poti sa condamni, faptul ca relatia sot-sotie era exceptionala. Mie imi povestea Lidia dupa revolutie ca ei se trezeau foarte devreme, el era un tip, asa, se plimbau prin curte si dezbateau si le era frica si de securisti sa nu ii inregistreze. Deci ei doi si la bine si moartea lor a fost, sa mori sot si sotie, eu nu stiu cati ar fi murit asa. Eu nu stiu, trebuia sa ai putin ceva sa faci. Insa, bantuie... nu cred ca bantuie, eu cred ca Ceuseasca a anticipat ceea ce si in Occident se petrece. Femeia independenta, ca nu a fost ea academiciana, ca nu a fost ea savanta, ca nu, ca nu, dar a luptat?, a luptat! ..se punea problema ca femeia sa fie egala barbatului. Sa munceasca si ea, sa fie si ea academiciana, sa fie si ea profesoara, sa fie si ea medic bun,nu? Chirurg bun. Noi am avut printre primii chirurgi in lume femei si acum trebuia sa perpetuam in vreun fel. Eu cred ca s-a inspirat din Occident si a vazut totusi femei dupa parerea mea pentru ca, da asta nu inseamna sa fii femeie savanta pe acte false, cum a fost ea, ca nu a fost. Nu, dar ideea ca femeia sa fie si ea academician, savant, sa fie in randul pregatirii ei si cu gradul ei de pregatire nu bantuie. Eu cred ca femeile se emancipeaza si tot mai mult si tot mai mult.

I: Cand mai veneau vizite, delegatii straine pe la muzeu, regaseati ceva in femeile din strainatate? Ceva ce simteati ca dumneavoastra va lipseste sau doreati sa…?

R: Nu cand veneau. Poate am observat mai mult la vizitele din strainatate la muzeele la care m-am dus. Ca erau de exemplu, cum erau polonezii mai emancipate. Am vazut femei bete in restaurantele din Varsovia si la noi nu am vazut niciodata pana la revolutie o femeie sa cada de pe scaun intr-un restaurant de beata ce era.

I: Dar de ce credeti ca se abtineau?

R: Nu, nu cred dar la noi nu a fost nici traditia ca femeia sa..deci uita-te acum facand etnografie, antropologie si sociologie, totusi noi ne tragem din taranca romana, care era destul de austera in multe chestii, era devotata barbatului, era [pauza] intelegeti? Si astea s-au pastrat destul de mult. Dar emanciparea dupa parerea mea a inceput dupa anii `70. Deci nu se mai punea problema ce face o femeie singura. Inca un exemplu, noi am avut aici la muzeu de la partid o colega, deci la Muzeul Partidului care la 38 de ani a divortat, nu a avut copii si a zis „Fac un copil!” , deci fii atenta, atunci, ce iti spun eu. Actualmente este in Canada fetita ca eu ii sunt nasa: „Fac un copil pentru mine fara sot!”. S-a dus la un spectacol la un teatru la Notara, tin minte si acum. S-a intalnit cu tipul respectiv, 10 ani mai tanar. Ea foarte draguta, un par superb, Stela, micuta, draguta, nu se vedea ca el avea 28 si ea 38 de ani. A facut acest copil. Omul sigur, nu a vrut sa o recunoasca nu stiu ce si nu stiu cum. Ea a pus liniuta si pe urma a pus numele tatalui pe certificat.

I: Tatalui ei?

R: Tatalui ei. Si intr-un tarziu cand a vazut el ce copil bun totusi si ce fata eminenta. A studiat japoneza, a fost in Japonia, acum e in Canada. A acceptat sa il treaca acolo. Eu nu as mai fi acceptat sa mai, dar ma rog, si ea este destul de rece cu el. Mai, nu a suferit nimic la muzeu, din contra totdeauna aveam grija de ea. Deci avea un copil din flori, deci pe vremea lui Ceusescu nu. Astazi iar se practica chestia asta. Daca vrei sa ai un copil, doua femei il pot creste. Un barbat, nu. Eu o admir pe aia care a facut la 67 de ani desi au acuzat-o atat. Este un copil super inteligent. Ea nu arata, nu o avantajeaza fizicul dar inca are capul intreg si e o femeie inteligenta. Eu care nu am putut sa fac copii si m-am chinuit atat si era si sa mor din cauza asta ca am avut o sarcina pe care am tinut-o moarta in mine o luna si era sa fac septicemie. Nu am stiut ca a murit sarcina si cand a venit doctorul a vazut. Dar eu pentru copii, inteleg orice. Ca daca e sa sufar pentru ceva in viata, este pentru ca nu am avut copii, in rest nu regret nimic. Ca nu am stat nici degeaba, nici nu am..tot timpul am fost in…ca dovada ca nu am avut concedii. Mama imi reproseaza si acum ca nu am…dar practic sefa mea pleca in concedii, sefa mea venea la ora unu, la ora doua la serviciu si trebuia cineva sa fie ca eram relatii cu publicul. Venea domnul (nume director) la ala, la ala, „Ia cutare!” , „Da-i telefon lui ala!” , „Cheama-l pe ala!” , venea un scriitor din emigratie, ma trimitea la ala „Du-i invitatie! Cheama-l aici ca e prieten de-al meu il cunosc de la Paris, de la Venetia!” .

I: Intr-un fel ati si avut mai multa energie sa investiti in…

R: Nu, dar iti spun eu ca cati oameni sunt, deci cate bordeie, atatea obiceie. Nu e bine sa faci o generalizare. De aia e bine voi sa faceti poate mai multe portrete intr-adevar ca nu ..eu zic ca sunt, nu un caz neaparat special sau asa, dar dintr-o anumita categorie de femeie care nu mi-a placut nici sa zac, nici sa dorm, sa fiu la serviciu. Poate asta nu le-a convenit multora ca am zis: „Domnle, cum sa dorm eu la ora noua cand la ora noua trebuie sa fiu la serviciu!”. Ei bine, mi-a intrat in sange ca inainte semnam condica dar nu era o foarte mare teroare.

Metadata

Other Topic categories:
CHILDHOOD / FAMILY LIFE / RELATIONSHIPS
IDENTITY
LEISURE
SOCIETAL CONTEXT
Key actors: 
employer, boss, employer, movements, labour unions, political party
Raktažodžiai:
housewife/houseman, motherhood, roles/role pattern, single parent, upbringing, health, reproductive health, femininity, nationality, religion, role model, holidays, sports, (un)-paid work, ambition, career path, labour conditions, promotion/selection, reconciliation private/professional, retirement, salary/income/allowance, care facilities, feminism/feminist, patriarchy/matriarchy, rural context
Female, 66 Romania

Gender did matter

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