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Gender mainstreaming

  • What is Gender mainstreaming
    • Policy cycle
  • Institutions and structures
    • European Union
    • EU Member States
    • Stakeholders
    • International organizations
  • Policy areas
    • Agriculture and rural development
      • Policy cycle
    • Culture
      • Policy cycle
    • Digital agenda
      • Policy cycle
    • Economic and financial affairs
      • Economic Benefits of Gender Equality in the EU
      • Policy cycle
    • Education
      • Policy cycle
    • Employment
      • Policy cycle
      • Structures
    • Energy
      • Policy cycle
    • Entrepreneurship
      • Policy cycle
    • Environment and climate change
      • Policy cycle
    • Health
      • Policy cycle
    • Justice
      • Policy cycle
    • Maritime affairs and fisheries
      • Policy cycle
    • Migration
      • Policy cycle
    • Poverty
      • Policy cycle
    • Regional policy
      • Policy cycle
    • Research
      • Policy cycle
    • Security
      • Policy cycle
    • Sport
      • Policy cycle
    • Tourism
      • Policy cycle
    • Transport
      • Policy cycle
    • Youth
      • Policy cycle
  • Toolkits
    • Gender Equality Training
      • Back to toolkit page
      • What is Gender Equality Training
      • Why invest in Gender Equality Training
      • Who should use Gender Equality Training
      • Step-by-step guide to Gender Equality Training
        • Preparation phase
          • 1. Assess the needs
          • 2. Integrate initiatives to broader strategy
          • 3. Ensure sufficient resources
          • 4. Write good terms of reference
          • 5. Select a trainer
        • Implementation phase
          • 6. Engage in the needs assessment
          • 7. Actively participate in the initiative
          • 8. Invite others to join in
          • 9. Monitoring framework and procedures
        • Evaluation and follow-up phase
          • 10. Set up an evaluation framework
          • 11. Assess long-term impacts
          • 12. Give space and support others
      • Designing effective Gender Equality Training
      • Gender Equality Training in the EU
      • Good Practices on Gender Equality Training
      • More resources on Gender Equality Training
      • More on EIGE's work on Gender Equality Training
    • Gender Impact Assessment
      • Back to toolkit page
      • What is Gender Impact Assessment
      • Why use Gender Impact Assessment
      • Who should use Gender Impact Assessment
      • When to use Gender Impact Assessment
      • Guide to Gender Impact Assessment
        • Step 1: Definition of policy purpose
        • Step 2: Checking gender relevance
        • Step 3: Gender-sensitive analysis
        • Step 4: Weighing gender impact
        • Step 5: Findings and proposals for improvement
      • Following up on gender impact assessment
      • General considerations
      • Examples from the EU
        • European Union
          • European Commission
        • National level
          • Austria
          • Belgium
          • Denmark
          • Finland
          • Sweden
        • Regional level
          • Basque country
          • Catalonia
        • Local level
          • Lower Saxony
          • Swedish municipalities
    • Institutional Transformation
      • Back to toolkit page
      • What is Institutional Transformation
        • Institutional transformation and gender: Key points
        • Gender organisations
        • Types of institutions
        • Gender mainstreaming and institutional transformation
        • Dimensions of gender mainstreaming in institutions: The SPO model
      • Why focus on Institutional Transformation
        • Motivation model
      • Who the guide is for
      • Guide to Institutional Transformation
        • Preparation phase
          • 1. Creating accountability and strengthening commitment
          • 2. Allocating resources
          • 3. Conducting an organisational analysis
          • 4. Developing a strategy and work plan
        • Implementation phase
          • 5. Establishing a support structure
          • 6. Setting gender equality objectives
          • 7. Communicating gender mainstreaming
          • 8. Introducing gender mainstreaming
          • 9. Developing gender equality competence
          • 10. Establishing a gender information management system
          • 11. Launching gender equality action plans
          • 12. Promotional equal opportunities
        • Evaluation and follow-up phase
          • 13. Monitoring and steering organisational change
      • Dealing with resistance
        • Discourse level
        • Individual level
        • Organisational level
        • Statements and reactions
      • Checklist: Key questions for change
      • Examples from the EU
        • Preparation phase
          • 1. Strengthening accountability
          • 2. Allocating resources
          • 3. Organisational analysis
          • 4. Developing a strategy and working plan
        • Implementation phase
          • 5. Establishing a support structure
          • 6. Setting objectives
          • 7. Communicating gender mainstreaming
          • 8. Introducing methods and tools
          • 9. Developing Competence
          • 10. Establishing a gender information management system
          • 11. Launching action plans
          • 12. Promoting within an organisation
        • Evaluation and follow-up phase
          • 13. Monitoring and evaluating
    • Gender Equality in Academia and Research
      • Back to toolkit page
      • WHAT
        • What is a Gender Equality Plan?
        • Terms and definitions
        • Which stakeholders need to be engaged into a GEP
        • About the Gear Tool
      • WHY
        • Horizon Europe GEP criterion
        • Gender Equality in Research and Innovation
        • Why change must be structural
        • Rationale for gender equality change in research and innovation
      • HOW
        • GEAR step-by-step guide for research organisations, universities and public bodies
          • Step 1: Getting started
          • Step 2: Analysing and assessing the state-of-play in the institution
          • Step 3: Setting up a Gender Equality Plan
          • Step 4: Implementing a Gender Equality Plan
          • Step 5: Monitoring progress and evaluating a Gender Equality Plan
          • Step 6: What comes after the Gender Equality Plan?
        • GEAR step-by-step guide for research funding bodies
          • Step 1: Getting started
          • Step 2: Analysing and assessing the state-of-play in the institution
          • Step 3: Setting up a Gender Equality Plan
          • Step 4: Implementing a Gender Equality Plan
          • Step 5: Monitoring progress and evaluating a Gender Equality Plan
          • Step 6: What comes after the Gender Equality Plan?
        • GEAR action toolbox
          • Work-life balance and organisational culture
          • Gender balance in leadership and decision making
          • Gender equality in recruitment and career progression
          • Integration of the sex/gender dimension into research and teaching content
          • Measures against gender-based violence including sexual harassment
          • Measures mitigating the effect of COVID-19
          • Data collection and monitoring
          • Training: awareness-raising and capacity building
          • GEP development and implementation
          • Gender-sensitive research funding procedures
        • Success factors for GEP development and implementation
        • Challenges & resistance
      • WHERE
        • Austria
        • Belgium
        • Bulgaria
        • Croatia
        • Cyprus
        • Czechia
        • Denmark
        • Estonia
        • Finland
        • France
        • Germany
        • Greece
        • Hungary
        • Ireland
        • Italy
        • Latvia
        • Lithuania
        • Luxembourg
        • Malta
        • Netherlands
        • Poland
        • Portugal
        • Romania
        • Slovakia
        • Slovenia
        • Spain
        • Sweden
        • United Kingdom
    • Gender-sensitive Parliaments
      • Back to toolkit page
      • What is the tool for?
      • Who is the tool for?
      • How to use the tool
      • Self-assessment, scoring and interpretation of parliament gender-sensitivity
        • AREA 1 – Women and men have equal opportunities to ENTER the parliament
          • Domain 1 – Electoral system and gender quotas
          • Domain 2 - Political party/group procedures
          • Domain 3 – Recruitment of parliamentary employees
        • AREA 2 – Women and men have equal opportunities to INFLUENCE the parliament’s working procedures
          • Domain 1 – Parliamentarians’ presence and capacity in a parliament
          • Domain 2 – Structure and organisation
          • Domain 3 – Staff organisation and procedures
        • AREA 3 – Women’s interests and concerns have adequate SPACE on parliamentary agenda
          • Domain 1 – Gender mainstreaming structures
          • Domain 2 – Gender mainstreaming tools in parliamentary work
          • Domain 3 – Gender mainstreaming tools for staff
        • AREA 4 – The parliament produces gender-sensitive LEGISLATION
          • Domain 1 – Gender equality laws and policies
          • Domain 2 – Gender mainstreaming in laws
          • Domain 3 – Oversight of gender equality
        • AREA 5 – The parliament complies with its SYMBOLIC function
          • Domain 1 – Symbolic meanings of spaces
          • Domain 2 – Gender equality in external communication and representation
      • How gender-sensitive are parliaments in the EU?
      • Examples of gender-sensitive practices in parliaments
        • Women and men have equal opportunities to ENTER the parliament
        • Women and men have equal opportunities to INFLUENCE the parliament’s working procedures
        • Women’s interests and concerns have adequate SPACE on parliamentary agenda
        • The parliament produces gender-sensitive LEGISLATION
        • The parliament complies with its SYMBOLIC function
      • Glossary of terms
      • References and resources
    • Gender Budgeting
      • Back to toolkit page
      • A chi è destinato questo kit di strumenti?
      • Che cos’è il bilancio di genere?
        • Introduzione al bilancio di genere
        • Qual è il nesso tra il bilancio di genere e le realtà vissute da uomini e donne?
        • Che cosa comporta nella pratica il bilancio di genere?
        • Il bilancio di genere nei fondi UE
          • Il bilancio di genere quale strumento per ottemperare agli obblighi giuridici dell’UE
          • Il bilancio di genere quale strumento per promuovere l’assunzione di responsabilità e la trasparenza nella pianificazione e nella gestione delle finanze pubbliche
          • Il bilancio di genere come strumento per aumentare la partecipazione di donne e uomini alle procedure di bilancio
          • Il bilancio di genere quale strumento per promuovere la parità di genere per donne e uomini in tutta la loro diversità
      • Perché il bilancio di genere è importante nell’ambito dei fondi europei in regime di gestione concorrente?
        • Tre motivi per cui il bilancio di genere è fondamentale nei fondi UE
      • Come si può applicare il bilancio di genere nei fondi UE? Strumenti pratici ed esempi di Stati membri
        • Strumento 1 — Collegare i fondi UE al quadro normativo dell’UE sulla parità di genere
          • Base legislativa e normativa per le politiche dell’UE in materia di parità di genere
          • Requisiti concreti per tenere conto della parità di genere all’interno dei fondi UE
          • Condizioni abilitanti dei fondi UE
          • Risorse supplementari
        • Strumento 2 — Analizzare le disuguaglianze e le esigenze di genere a livello nazionale e regionale
          • Misure per valutare e analizzare le disuguaglianze e le esigenze di genere
          • Fase 1. Raccogliere informazioni e dati disaggregati relativi al gruppo di riferimento
          • Fase 2. Individuare le disparità di genere esistenti e le cause soggiacenti
          • Fase 3. Consultare direttamente i gruppi di riferimento
          • Fase 4. Trarre conclusioni
          • Risorse supplementari
        • Strumento 3 — Applicare la parità di genere agli obiettivi politici (accordi di partenariato) e agli obiettivi e misure specifici (programmi operativi)
          • Misure per tradurre in azioni concrete la parità di genere negli accordi di partenariato e nei programmi operativi
          • Orientamenti generali per applicare la parità di genere nell’elaborazione di obiettivi strategici e obiettivi e misure specifici
          • Lista di controllo per l’applicazione pratica del principio orizzontale della parità di genere negli accordi di partenariato
          • Lista di controllo per l’applicazione pratica del principio orizzontale della parità di genere nei programmi operativi
          • Esempi di integrazione della parità di genere come principio orizzontale negli obiettivi strategici e specifici
        • Strumento 4 — Coordinamento e complementarità tra i fondi UE per promuovere l’equilibrio tra vita professionale e vita privata
          • Misure per rafforzare il coordinamento e le complementarità tra i fondi
          • Fase 1 — Allineamento agli obiettivi dell’impegno strategico per la parità di genere
          • Fasi 2 e 3 — Individuare e sviluppare possibili interventi a favore dell’equilibrio tra vita professionale e vita privata
          • Fase 4 — Attività di verifica mediante l’uso di indicatori nell’ambito dei sistemi di sorveglianza e valutazione (M&E)
          • Studio di caso fittizio 1: conciliare il lavoro retribuito con la cura dei figli
          • Studio di caso fittizio 2: conciliare il lavoro a turni con la cura dei figli
          • Caso di studio fittizio 3: trovare l’equilibrio tra la cura di sé stessi e la cura degli altri
          • Caso di studio fittizio 4: conciliare la cura dei figli e degli anziani con il lavoro a turni
          • Risorse supplementari
        • Strumento 5 — Definizione di partenariati e governance multilivello: individuazione di partner pertinenti, ruolo degli esperti di genere e composizione dei comitati di sorveglianza
          • Misure per definire i partenariati e governance multilivello
          • Risorse supplementari
        • Strumento 6 — Sviluppare indicatori quantitativi e qualitativi per promuovere l’uguaglianza di genere
          • Fasi dell’elaborazione di indicatori quantitativi e qualitativi
          • FESR e Fondo di coesione (stessi indicatori comuni)
          • Fondo sociale europeo Plus
          • Fondo europeo per gli affari marittimi e la pesca
          • Risorse supplementari
        • Strumento 7 — Definire criteri di selezione dei progetti sensibili alla dimensione di genere
          • Analisi delle fasi per sostenere l’elaborazione e la selezione di progetti sensibili alla dimensione di genere
          • Lista di controllo per la preparazione degli inviti a presentare proposte di progetti
          • Lista di controllo per i criteri di selezione dei progetti
          • Strumento supplementare 7.a — Accordi che tengano conto della dimensione di genere con i responsabili dell’attuazione dei progetti
        • Strumento 8 — Controllare le assegnazioni di risorse per l’uguaglianza di genere nei fondi UE
          • Ensuring gender relevance in EU Funds
          • The tracking system
          • Steps for tracking resource allocations on gender equality
          • Step 1: Ex ante approach
          • Step 2: Ex post approach
          • Examples of Step 2a
          • Annex 1: Ex ante assignment of intervention fields to the gender equality dimension codes
          • Annex 2: The EU’s gender equality legal and policy framework
        • Strumento 9 — Integrare la parità di genere nella concezione dei progetti
          • Analisi delle fasi per integrare la parità di genere nella concezione dei progetti
          • Fase 1. Allineamento agli obiettivi e agli indicatori di genere degli accordi di partenariato e dei programmi operativi
          • Fase 2. Sviluppo del progetto e candidatura
          • Fase 3. Attuazione del progetto
          • Fase 4. Valutazione del progetto
        • Strumento 10 — Integrare una prospettiva di genere nei processi di sorveglianza e valutazione
          • Misure per integrare una prospettiva di genere nei processi di sorveglianza e valutazione
          • Risorse supplementari
        • Strumento 11 — Rendicontazione sull’esborso di risorse per la parità di genere nei fondi UE
          • Tracciamento delle spese per l’uguaglianza di genere
          • Risorse supplementari
      • Risorse
        • Bibliografia
        • Acronimi
        • Ringraziamenti
    • Gender-responsive Public Procurement
      • Back to toolkit page
      • Who is this toolkit for?
        • Guiding you through the toolkit
      • What is gender-responsive public procurement?
        • How is gender-responsive public procurement linked to gender equality?
        • How is gender-responsive public procurement linked to gender budgeting?
      • Why is gender-responsive public procurement important?
        • Five reasons why gender-responsive public procurement
        • Why was this toolkit produced
      • Gender-responsive public procurement in practice
        • Legal framework cross-references gender equality and public procurement
        • Public procurement strategies cover GRPP
        • Gender equality action plans or strategies mention public procurement
        • Capacity-building programmes, support structures
        • Regular collaboration between gender equality bodies
        • Effective monitoring and reporting systems on the use of GRPP
        • Tool 1:Self-assessment questionnaire about the legal
        • Tool 2: Overview of the legislative, regulatory and policy frameworks
      • How to include gender aspects in tendering procedures
        • Pre-procurement stage
          • Needs assessment
          • Tool 3: Decision tree to assess the gender relevance
          • Preliminary market consultation
          • Tool 4: Guiding questions for needs assessment
          • Defining the subject matter of the contract
          • Choosing the procedure
          • Tool 5: Decision tree for the choice of procedure for GRPP
          • Dividing the contract into lots
          • Tool 6: Guiding questions for dividing contracts into lots for GRPP
          • Light regime for social, health and other specific services
          • Tool 7: Guiding questions for applying GRPP under the light regime
          • Tool 8: Guiding questions for applying GRPP under the light regime
          • Reserved contracts
          • Preparing tender documents
        • Procurement stage
          • Exclusion grounds
          • Selection criteria
          • Technical specifications
          • Tool 9: Decision tree for setting GRPP selection criteria
          • Award criteria
          • Tool 10: Formulating GRPP award criteria
          • Tool 11: Bidders’ concepts to ensure the integration of gender aspects
          • Use of labels/certifications
        • Post-procurement stage
          • Tool 12: Checklist for including GRPP contract performance conditions
          • Subcontracting
          • Monitoring
          • Reporting
          • Tool 13: Template for a GRPP monitoring and reporting plan
      • References
      • Additional resources
  • Methods and tools
    • Browse
    • About EIGE's methods and tools
    • Gender analysis
    • Gender audit
    • Gender awareness-raising
    • Gender budgeting
    • Gender impact assessment
    • Gender equality training
    • Gender evaluation
    • Gender statistics and indicators
    • Gender monitoring
    • Gender planning
    • Gender-responsive public procurement
    • Gender stakeholder consultation
    • Sex-disaggregated data
    • Institutional transformation
    • Examples of methods and tools
    • Resources
  • Good practices
    • Browse
    • About good practices
    • EIGE’s approach to good practices
  • Country specific information
    • Belgium
      • Overview
      • Browse all Belgium content
    • Bulgaria
      • Overview
      • Browse all Bulgaria content
    • Czechia
      • Overview
      • Browse all Czechia content
    • Denmark
      • Overview
      • Browse all Denmark content
    • Germany
      • Overview
      • Browse all Germany content
    • Estonia
      • Overview
      • Browse all Estonia content
    • Ireland
      • Overview
      • Browse all Ireland content
    • Greece
      • Overview
      • Browse all Greece content
    • Spain
      • Overview
      • Browse all Spain content
    • France
      • Overview
      • Browse all France content
    • Croatia
      • Overview
      • Browse all Croatia content
    • Italy
      • Overview
      • Browse all Italy content
    • Cyprus
      • Overview
      • Browse all Cyprus content
    • Latvia
      • Overview
      • Browse all Latvia content
    • Lithuania
      • Overview
      • Browse all Lithuania content
    • Luxembourg
      • Overview
      • Browse all Luxembourg content
    • Hungary
      • Overview
      • Browse all Hungary content
    • Malta
      • Overview
      • Browse all Malta content
    • Netherlands
      • Overview
      • Browse all Netherlands content
    • Austria
      • Overview
      • Browse all Austria content
    • Poland
      • Overview
      • Browse all Poland content
    • Portugal
      • Overview
      • Browse all Portugal content
    • Romania
      • Overview
      • Browse all Romania content
    • Slovenia
      • Overview
      • Browse all Slovenia content
    • Slovakia
      • Overview
      • Browse all Slovakia content
    • Finland
      • Overview
      • Browse all Finland content
    • Sweden
      • Overview
      • Browse all Sweden content
    • United Kingdom
      • Overview
  • EIGE’s publications on Gender mainstreaming
  • Concepts and definitions
  • Power Up conference 2019
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  • Menu
  • Gender mainstreaming
    • What is Gender mainstreaming
      • Policy cycle
    • Institutions and structures
      • European Union
      • EU Member States
      • Stakeholders
      • International organizations
    • Policy areas
      • Agriculture and rural development
        • Policy cycle
      • Culture
        • Policy cycle
      • Digital agenda
        • Policy cycle
      • Economic and financial affairs
        • Economic Benefits of Gender Equality in the EU
        • Policy cycle
      • Education
        • Policy cycle
      • Employment
        • Policy cycle
        • Structures
      • Energy
        • Policy cycle
      • Entrepreneurship
        • Policy cycle
      • Environment and climate change
        • Policy cycle
      • Health
        • Policy cycle
      • Justice
        • Policy cycle
      • Maritime affairs and fisheries
        • Policy cycle
      • Migration
        • Policy cycle
      • Poverty
        • Policy cycle
      • Regional policy
        • Policy cycle
      • Research
        • Policy cycle
      • Security
        • Policy cycle
      • Sport
        • Policy cycle
      • Tourism
        • Policy cycle
      • Transport
        • Policy cycle
      • Youth
        • Policy cycle
    • Toolkits
      • Gender Equality Training
        • Back to toolkit page
        • What is Gender Equality Training
        • Why invest in Gender Equality Training
        • Who should use Gender Equality Training
        • Step-by-step guide to Gender Equality Training
            • 1. Assess the needs
            • 2. Integrate initiatives to broader strategy
            • 3. Ensure sufficient resources
            • 4. Write good terms of reference
            • 5. Select a trainer
            • 6. Engage in the needs assessment
            • 7. Actively participate in the initiative
            • 8. Invite others to join in
            • 9. Monitoring framework and procedures
            • 10. Set up an evaluation framework
            • 11. Assess long-term impacts
            • 12. Give space and support others
        • Designing effective Gender Equality Training
        • Gender Equality Training in the EU
        • Good Practices on Gender Equality Training
        • More resources on Gender Equality Training
        • More on EIGE's work on Gender Equality Training
      • Gender Impact Assessment
        • Back to toolkit page
        • What is Gender Impact Assessment
        • Why use Gender Impact Assessment
        • Who should use Gender Impact Assessment
        • When to use Gender Impact Assessment
        • Guide to Gender Impact Assessment
          • Step 1: Definition of policy purpose
          • Step 2: Checking gender relevance
          • Step 3: Gender-sensitive analysis
          • Step 4: Weighing gender impact
          • Step 5: Findings and proposals for improvement
        • Following up on gender impact assessment
        • General considerations
        • Examples from the EU
            • European Commission
            • Austria
            • Belgium
            • Denmark
            • Finland
            • Sweden
            • Basque country
            • Catalonia
            • Lower Saxony
            • Swedish municipalities
      • Institutional Transformation
        • Back to toolkit page
        • What is Institutional Transformation
          • Institutional transformation and gender: Key points
          • Gender organisations
          • Types of institutions
          • Gender mainstreaming and institutional transformation
          • Dimensions of gender mainstreaming in institutions: The SPO model
        • Why focus on Institutional Transformation
          • Motivation model
        • Who the guide is for
        • Guide to Institutional Transformation
            • 1. Creating accountability and strengthening commitment
            • 2. Allocating resources
            • 3. Conducting an organisational analysis
            • 4. Developing a strategy and work plan
            • 5. Establishing a support structure
            • 6. Setting gender equality objectives
            • 7. Communicating gender mainstreaming
            • 8. Introducing gender mainstreaming
            • 9. Developing gender equality competence
            • 10. Establishing a gender information management system
            • 11. Launching gender equality action plans
            • 12. Promotional equal opportunities
            • 13. Monitoring and steering organisational change
        • Dealing with resistance
          • Discourse level
          • Individual level
          • Organisational level
          • Statements and reactions
        • Checklist: Key questions for change
        • Examples from the EU
            • 1. Strengthening accountability
            • 2. Allocating resources
            • 3. Organisational analysis
            • 4. Developing a strategy and working plan
            • 5. Establishing a support structure
            • 6. Setting objectives
            • 7. Communicating gender mainstreaming
            • 8. Introducing methods and tools
            • 9. Developing Competence
            • 10. Establishing a gender information management system
            • 11. Launching action plans
            • 12. Promoting within an organisation
            • 13. Monitoring and evaluating
      • Gender Equality in Academia and Research
        • Back to toolkit page
        • WHAT
          • What is a Gender Equality Plan?
          • Terms and definitions
          • Which stakeholders need to be engaged into a GEP
          • About the Gear Tool
        • WHY
          • Horizon Europe GEP criterion
          • Gender Equality in Research and Innovation
          • Why change must be structural
          • Rationale for gender equality change in research and innovation
          • GEAR step-by-step guide for research organisations, universities and public bodies
            • Step 1: Getting started
            • Step 2: Analysing and assessing the state-of-play in the institution
            • Step 3: Setting up a Gender Equality Plan
            • Step 4: Implementing a Gender Equality Plan
            • Step 5: Monitoring progress and evaluating a Gender Equality Plan
            • Step 6: What comes after the Gender Equality Plan?
          • GEAR step-by-step guide for research funding bodies
            • Step 1: Getting started
            • Step 2: Analysing and assessing the state-of-play in the institution
            • Step 3: Setting up a Gender Equality Plan
            • Step 4: Implementing a Gender Equality Plan
            • Step 5: Monitoring progress and evaluating a Gender Equality Plan
            • Step 6: What comes after the Gender Equality Plan?
          • GEAR action toolbox
            • Work-life balance and organisational culture
            • Gender balance in leadership and decision making
            • Gender equality in recruitment and career progression
            • Integration of the sex/gender dimension into research and teaching content
            • Measures against gender-based violence including sexual harassment
            • Measures mitigating the effect of COVID-19
            • Data collection and monitoring
            • Training: awareness-raising and capacity building
            • GEP development and implementation
            • Gender-sensitive research funding procedures
          • Success factors for GEP development and implementation
          • Challenges & resistance
        • WHERE
          • Austria
          • Belgium
          • Bulgaria
          • Croatia
          • Cyprus
          • Czechia
          • Denmark
          • Estonia
          • Finland
          • France
          • Germany
          • Greece
          • Hungary
          • Ireland
          • Italy
          • Latvia
          • Lithuania
          • Luxembourg
          • Malta
          • Netherlands
          • Poland
          • Portugal
          • Romania
          • Slovakia
          • Slovenia
          • Spain
          • Sweden
          • United Kingdom
      • Gender-sensitive Parliaments
        • Back to toolkit page
        • What is the tool for?
        • Who is the tool for?
        • How to use the tool
        • Self-assessment, scoring and interpretation of parliament gender-sensitivity
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Union survey reveals widespread discrimination against woman journalists

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Good practice
Šalis: Non EU countries
Section:
Media
Temos:
Culture
Period:
2005-14
Publication date:
06 Kovas 2015
National Unions of Journalists’ questionnaire to women journalists

In brief

Britain’s National Union of Journalists has carried out two questionnaire surveys of its women members, to find out their experiences and problems at work. Forty per cent of the union’s 30,000 members are women, and research repeatedly shows that women get a bad deal in Britain’s media. Though women media professionals tend to be highly qualified, they also tend to be worse paid. Their work tends not to achieve the same prominence, and they are generally outnumbered three to one when it comes to high-profile news reporting, opinion pieces or expert interviews.

The most recent survey, carried out in 2014, shows many women are paid a good deal less than similarly qualified male counterparts – in some case as much as €12,500 a year less. Women still face a shockingly high level of sexual harassment, and are often judged by higher standards when it comes to their personal appearance. Those with childcare responsibilities tend to be overlooked for assignments deemed to be demanding, while men with children are not treated in this way. Half of the women who completed the survey had caring responsibilities, and of these four-fifths said that these sometimes conflicted with their working hours.

The NUJ made use of these results in the evidence it submitted to the House of Lords Communications Committee inquiry on women in news and current affairs broadcasting in September 2014. It recommends that the industry regulator Ofcom should make use of its power to require broadcasters to conduct a regular diversity audit and publish the results. However Ofcom prefers to take a voluntary approach.

Women writers outnumbered three to one

The British media suffers from significant and persistent gender gaps. A study conducted in 2011[1] counted the number of male and female writers on seven national newspapers as well as the number of reporters on Britain’s staple morning news and current affairs radio programme (the Today Programme). It found that the average share of female reporters was less than a quarter (22.6%). The study also showed that all national papers had large gender gaps in their byline averages, with the politically contrasting Daily Mail and Guardian news­papers recording the highest number of women writers, though this was still only around 30%. The latest research done in the UK by Creative Skillset[2] shows that more women than men enter the TV industry in their 20s; the women are better qualified academically, work longer hours, do more in-service courses – yet they earn on average £6,700 (€8,000) a year less than men in equivalent jobs. They also have a 50% chance of being out of the industry by age of 35. Thus, there is a problem of ageism in the industry – women tend not to get to the very top levels of management because half of them have left the industry by the time they are 35.

Opinion sections in newspapers can shape a society's opinions and therefore are an important measure of women's voices in society. However, this is also a male-dominated sector. According to recent research by the Guardian on articles written between July 2011 and June 2012 in three national newspapers, women write only around a quarter (26%) of opinion pieces in UK newspapers (Guardian, 7 September 2012).

Women’s poor representation in the media in the UK has led to the launch of campaigns to change things. In February 2012, Broadcast Magazine launched an ‘Expert Women’ campaign to help increase the number of female experts interviewed on television. Though the private sector broadcasters Channel 4 and BSkyB, pledged their support, the BBC (in the public sector) is not supporting the campaign despite admitting that it does not have enough women in news and current affairs roles (Telegraph, 5 March 2012).

Although some progress towards equality has been made in decision-making, this is more apparent in middle management than at the top levels of the media industry. For instance, in television, there is a significant lack of female directors, scriptwriters, camera and sound operators and women in technical roles – and there are too few women on the boards of broadcasting companies.

Reaching out to women journalists

Britain’s National Union of Journalists has 30,000 members, 40% of whom are women. It has a gender mainstreaming strategy which includes organising conferences, workshops and training. It also has an Equality Council, which seeks to promote equality across the union in areas such as equal pay, work-life balance and childcare/dependent care. The council monitors the progress of legislation, campaigns for improvements and promotes equality within the organisation.

As part of this strategy, it surveyed its women members to identify what experiences and problems they have had at work – for instance to assess whether they have been steered in a particular direction because of their gender, whether their copy tends to appear in women’s or feature pages rather than in hard news sections, and whether they have experienced discrimination, harassment or bullying. On that basis, the NUJ wants to find out its female members’ opinions on how the union should address these problems, so that it can organise to tackle them collectively.

The first NUJ survey was carried out in 2005-6, and succeeded in making direct contact with women journalists who could not attend NUJ meetings because of childcare and household commitments. It collected data that helped it to understand patterns, themes and priorities for action, and it identified cases of discrimination, harassment and bullying against female members. It organised a women’s conference NUJ members to contextualise and discuss the survey results.

The union initiated the survey at its own expense, and found it to be an efficient tool to use, as it used very few resources other than staff time – the NUJ is a very small organisation, and its research department closed a few years ago due to a lack of funding. The effort was complemented by the organisation of an NUJ women’s conference on the topic, which was planned by the staff and took place in the union’s own building.

2014 survey in broadcasting

In 2014 the NUJ conducted another survey, this time targeted at its members working in television and radio. It received 227 responses, which show, according to the NUJ’s equality officer Lena Calvert, that “in many ways broadcasting has become an easier environment for women to work in… but there is still a worryingly high level of sexist behaviour in newsrooms and studios.”

One fact that stands out is that many women are paid a good deal less than similarly qualified male counterparts – in some case as much as €12,500 a year less. Women still face a shockingly high level of sexual harassment, and are often judged by higher standards when it comes to their personal appearance. Those with childcare responsibilities tend to be overlooked for assignments deemed to be demanding, while men with children are not treated in this way. Half of the women who completed the survey had caring responsibilities, and of these four-fifths said that these sometimes conflicted with their working hours.

The NUJ made use of these results in the evidence it submitted to the House of Lords Communications Committee inquiry on women in news and current affairs broadcasting in September 2014.[3] It pointed out that broadcasting is seen as a glamorous career in which competition for jobs is high, and that managers exploit this: while in the media and arts in general 56% of workers had faced bullying, harassment or discrimination, in television this figure was 70% and in radio 73%. The NUJ believes that the industry regulator Ofcom should make use of its power to require broadcasters to conduct a regular diversity audit and publish the results. However Ofcom prefers to take a voluntary approach.

Potential for further use

The surveys have helped to make equality a more visible issue within the union and to bring its female members together to identify and talk about issues at work. However their impact has not been formally evaluated. The union cannot measure whether they have resulted in permanent structural changes. In any case it has no power to change the situation as it has no collective way to liaise with management about whether women are being given more access to decision-making roles.

The NUJ plans to explore the statistics and use them to formulate a strategy, and in particular the union has decided to assess every area of its own organisation to see whether women are fairly represented at all levels. A women’s network or online forum may be launched. There is further potential to capitalise on the results: for instance they could be used to compile a good practice guidebook and as a resource in training courses for NUJ members. A simplified version of the questionnaire could be posted on the website.

The lessons learned from the process are that commitment on the part of the journalism unions is essential to identify the problems their female members face within media organisations. In the short term it is difficult to see changes resulting from this type of initiative, but long-term impacts should be important and could be translated into a better negotiating process between the union and the employers.

Questionnaires to explore the experiences of female journalists and the problems they face in the media industry could be transferable for use by other similar organisations in different countries.

[1] Seghi & Cochrane (2011), Cochrane, K. (2011)

[2] Creative Skillset (2011)

[3] http://www.parliament.uk/women-in-news

Contacts/Further Information

Contacts

Sarah Kavanagh, Senior Campaigns and Communications Officer

National Union of Jjournalists

Headland House
308 Grays Inn Road
London
WC1X 8DP
UK

+44 20 7843 6381

sarahk@nuj.org.uk

Further information

NUJ 2014 survey results

WiN – Women in the NUJ

Sedghi, A. & Cochrane, K. (2011) ‘Women's representation in media: who's running the show?’, Guardian, 6 Dec 2011

Cochrane, K. (2011) ‘Why is British public life dominated by men?’, Guardian, 4 Dec 2011

Holehouse, M (2012) ‘BBC refuses to sign pledge to get more women on screen’, Telegraph, 5 Mar 2012

NB image copyright

NUJ logo taken from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NUJ_logo.png

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Downloads

Union survey reveals widespread discrimination against woman journalists - UK
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Tool:
Monitoring
  • In brief
  • Women writers outnumbered three to one
  • Reaching out to women journalists
  • 2014 survey in broadcasting
  • Potential for further use
  • Contacts/Further Information
  • More good practices
  • Downloads

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