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  • Risk assessment and risk management by police
    • Risk assessment principles and steps
      • Principles
        • Principle 1: Prioritising victim safety
        • Principle 2: Adopting a victim-centred approach
        • Principle 3: Taking a gender-specific approach
        • Principle 4: Adopting an intersectional approach
        • Principle 5: Considering children’s experiences
      • Steps
        • Step 1: Define the purpose and objectives of police risk assessment
        • Step 2: Identify the most appropriate approach to police risk assessment
        • Step 3: Identify the most relevant risk factors for police risk assessment
        • Step 4: Implement systematic police training and capacity development
        • Step 5: Embed police risk assessment in a multiagency framework
        • Step 6: Develop procedures for information management and confidentiality
        • Step 7: Monitor and evaluate risk assessment practices and outcomes
    • Risk management principles and recommendations
      • Principle 1. Adopting a gender-specific approach
      • Principle 2. Introducing an individualised approach to risk management
      • Principle 3. Establishing an evidence-based approach
      • Principle 4. Underpinning the processes with an outcome-focused approach
      • Principle 5. Delivering a coordinated, multiagency response
    • Legal and policy framework
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      • Gender Equality Training
        • Back to toolkit page
        • What is Gender Equality Training
        • Why invest in Gender Equality Training
        • Who should use Gender Equality Training
        • Step-by-step guide to Gender Equality Training
            • 1. Assess the needs
            • 2. Integrate initiatives to broader strategy
            • 3. Ensure sufficient resources
            • 4. Write good terms of reference
            • 5. Select a trainer
            • 6. Engage in the needs assessment
            • 7. Actively participate in the initiative
            • 8. Invite others to join in
            • 9. Monitoring framework and procedures
            • 10. Set up an evaluation framework
            • 11. Assess long-term impacts
            • 12. Give space and support others
        • Designing effective Gender Equality Training
        • Find a gender trainer
        • Gender Equality Training in the EU
        • Good Practices on Gender Equality Training
        • More resources on Gender Equality Training
        • More on EIGE's work on Gender Equality Training
      • Gender Impact Assessment
        • Back to toolkit page
        • What is Gender Impact Assessment
        • Why use Gender Impact Assessment
        • Who should use Gender Impact Assessment
        • When to use Gender Impact Assessment
        • Guide to Gender Impact Assessment
          • Step 1: Definition of policy purpose
          • Step 2: Checking gender relevance
          • Step 3: Gender-sensitive analysis
          • Step 4: Weighing gender impact
          • Step 5: Findings and proposals for improvement
        • Following up on gender impact assessment
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      • Institutional Transformation
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        • What is Institutional Transformation
          • Institutional transformation and gender: Key points
          • Gender organisations
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          • Gender mainstreaming and institutional transformation
          • Dimensions of gender mainstreaming in institutions: The SPO model
        • Why focus on Institutional Transformation
          • Motivation model
        • Who the guide is for
        • Guide to Institutional Transformation
            • 1. Creating accountability and strengthening commitment
            • 2. Allocating resources
            • 3. Conducting an organisational analysis
            • 4. Developing a strategy and work plan
            • 5. Establishing a support structure
            • 6. Setting gender equality objectives
            • 7. Communicating gender mainstreaming
            • 8. Introducing gender mainstreaming
            • 9. Developing gender equality competence
            • 10. Establishing a gender information management system
            • 11. Launching gender equality action plans
            • 12. Promotional equal opportunities
            • 13. Monitoring and steering organisational change
        • Dealing with resistance
          • Discourse level
          • Individual level
          • Organisational level
          • Statements and reactions
        • Checklist: Key questions for change
        • Examples from the EU
            • 1. Strengthening accountability
            • 2. Allocating resources
            • 3. Organisational analysis
            • 4. Developing a strategy and working plan
            • 5. Establishing a support structure
            • 6. Setting objectives
            • 7. Communicating gender mainstreaming
            • 8. Introducing methods and tools
            • 9. Developing Competence
            • 10. Establishing a gender information management system
            • 11. Launching action plans
            • 12. Promoting within an organisation
            • 13. Monitoring and evaluating
      • Gender Equality in Academia and Research
        • Back to toolkit page
        • What is a Gender Equality Plan?
        • EU objectives for gender equality in research
        • Why change must be structural
        • Who is this guide for?
        • The GEAR Step-by-Step Guide
          • Step 1: Getting started
          • Step 2: Analysing and assessing the state-of-play in the institution
          • Step 3: Setting up a Gender Equality Plan
          • Step 4: Implementing a Gender Equality Plan
          • Step 5: Monitoring progress and evaluating a Gender Equality Plan
          • Step 6: What comes after the Gender Equality Plan?
        • GEAR action toolbox
        • Who is involved in a Gender Equality Plan?
        • Rationale for gender equality in research
        • Basic requirements and success factors
        • Obstacles and solutions
        • Legislative and policy backgrounds
          • Austria
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          • Croatia
          • Cyprus
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        • Relevant insights
        • Examples
          • A practice to award and ensure greater visibility for women researchers
          • A survey to know your institution
          • AKKA
          • Age limit extension in calls for female researchers with children under 10
          • Cascade Model GFZ
          • Compulsory awareness-raising session for B.A. students
          • Election procedure for the Board
          • Elections for the University's Council
          • Encouraging gender equality activities at the grassroots level across the university
          • Family-leave without consequences for the academic career
          • Gender Equality Report
          • Gender Project Manager
          • Gender Report
          • Gender Sensitive PhD Supervisor Toolkit
          • Gender and Diversity Controlling
          • Gender certification: a road to change? (SE)
          • Gender lectureship: a model for mainstreaming in higher education
          • GenderNet Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
          • High-profile tenure-track positions for top female scientists
          • Introducing a gender perspective in research content and teaching
          • Maternity Cover Fund and Return to Work policy
          • National connections at Fraunhofer Gesellschaft: the National Committee
          • Overcoming bias in personnel selection procedures
          • Participatory approach towards development of Career Development Plan
          • Protocol for preventing and tackling sexual harassment and gender-based violence
          • School of drafting and management for European projects
          • Stimulating personal development to improve women academics’ positions
          • Teaching-free period when returning from parental leave
          • The Gender Balance Committee of the Genomic Regulation Centre (ES)
          • WiSER (Centre for Women in Science and Engineering Research)
          • Women represented in all rounds of applications
        • Key resources
      • Gender-sensitive Parliaments
        • Back to toolkit page
        • What is the tool for?
        • Who is the tool for?
        • How to use the tool
        • Self-assessment, scoring and interpretation of parliament gender-sensitivity
          • AREA 1 – Women and men have equal opportunities to ENTER the parliament
            • Domain 1 – Electoral system and gender quotas
            • Domain 2 - Political party/group procedures
            • Domain 3 – Recruitment of parliamentary employees
          • AREA 2 – Women and men have equal opportunities to INFLUENCE the parliament’s working procedures
            • Domain 1 – Parliamentarians’ presence and capacity in a parliament
            • Domain 2 – Structure and organisation
            • Domain 3 – Staff organisation and procedures
          • AREA 3 – Women’s interests and concerns have adequate SPACE on parliamentary agenda
            • Domain 1 – Gender mainstreaming structures
            • Domain 2 – Gender mainstreaming tools in parliamentary work
            • Domain 3 – Gender mainstreaming tools for staff
          • AREA 4 – The parliament produces gender-sensitive LEGISLATION
            • Domain 1 – Gender equality laws and policies
            • Domain 2 – Gender mainstreaming in laws
            • Domain 3 – Oversight of gender equality
          • AREA 5 – The parliament complies with its SYMBOLIC function
            • Domain 1 – Symbolic meanings of spaces
            • Domain 2 – Gender equality in external communication and representation
        • How gender-sensitive are parliaments in the EU?
        • Examples of gender-sensitive practices in parliaments
          • Women and men have equal opportunities to ENTER the parliament
          • Women and men have equal opportunities to INFLUENCE the parliament’s working procedures
          • Women’s interests and concerns have adequate SPACE on parliamentary agenda
          • The parliament produces gender-sensitive LEGISLATION
          • The parliament complies with its SYMBOLIC function
        • Glossary of terms
        • References and resources
      • Gender Budgeting
        • Back to toolkit page
        • Who is this toolkit for?
        • What is gender budgeting?
          • Introducing gender budgeting
          • Gender budgeting in women’s and men’s lived realities
          • What does gender budgeting involve in practice?
          • Gender budgeting in the EU Funds
            • Gender budgeting as a way of complying with EU legal requirements
            • Gender budgeting as a way of promoting accountability and transparency
            • Gender budgeting as a way of increasing participation in budget processes
            • Gender budgeting as a way of advancing gender equality
        • Why is gender budgeting important in the EU Funds?
          • Three reasons why gender budgeting is crucial in the EU Funds
        • How can we apply gender budgeting in the EU Funds? Practical tools and Member State examples
          • Tool 1: Connecting the EU Funds with the EU’s regulatory framework on gender equality
            • Legislative and regulatory basis for EU policies on gender equality
            • Concrete requirements for considering gender equality within the EU Funds
            • EU Funds’ enabling conditions
            • Additional resources
          • Tool 2: Analysing gender inequalities and gender needs at the national and sub-national levels
            • Steps to assess and analyse gender inequalities and needs
            • Step 1. Collect information and disaggregated data on the target group
            • Step 2. Identify existing gender inequalities and their underlying causes
            • Step 3. Consult directly with the target groups
            • Step 4. Draw conclusions
            • Additional resources
          • Tool 3: Operationalising gender equality in policy objectives and specific objectives/measures
            • Steps for operationalising gender equality in Partnership Agreements and Operational Programmes
            • General guidance on operationalising gender equality when developing policy objectives, specific objectives and measures
            • Checklist for putting the horizontal principle of gender equality into practice in Partnership Agreements
            • Checklist for putting the horizontal principle of gender equality into practice in Operational Programmes
            • Examples of integrating gender equality as a horizontal principle in policy objectives and specific objectives
          • Tool 4: Coordination and complementarities between the EU Funds to advance work-life balance
            • Steps for enhancing coordination and complementarities between the funds
            • Step 1. Alignment with the EU’s strategic engagement goals for gender equality and national gender equality goals
            • Steps 2 and 3. Identifying and developing possible work-life balance interventions
            • Step 4. Following-up through the use of indicators within M&E systems
            • Fictional case study 1: reconciling paid work and childcare
            • Fictional case study 2: reconciling shift work and childcare
            • Fictional case study 3: balancing care for oneself and others
            • Fictional case study 4: reconciling care for children and older persons with shift work
            • Additional resources
          • Tool 5: Defining partnerships and multi-level governance
            • Steps for defining partnerships and multi-level governance
            • Additional resources
          • Tool 6: Developing quantitative and qualitative indicators for advancing gender equality
            • Steps to develop quantitative and qualitative indicators
            • ERDF and Cohesion Fund
            • ESF+
            • EMFF
            • Additional resources
          • Tool 7: Defining gender-sensitive project selection criteria
            • Steps to support gender-sensitive project development and selection
            • Checklist to guide the preparation of calls for project proposals
            • Checklist for project selection criteria
            • Supplementary tool 7.a: Gender-responsive agreements with project implementers
          • Tool 8: Tracking resource allocations for gender equality in the EU Funds
          • Tool 9: Mainstreaming gender equality in project design
            • Steps to mainstream gender equality in project design
            • Step 1. Alignment with partnership agreements’ and Operational Programmes’ gender objectives and indicators
            • Step 2. Project development and application
            • Step 3. Project implementation
            • Step 4. Project assessment
          • Tool 10: Integrating a gender perspective in monitoring and evaluation processes
            • Steps to integrate a gender perspective in M&E processes
            • Additional resources
          • Tool 11: Reporting on resource spending for gender equality in the EU Funds
            • Tracking expenditures for gender equality
            • Additional resources
          • References
          • Abbreviations
          • Acknowledgements
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  • Smurtas lyties pagrindu
    • Kas yra smurtas lyties pagrindu?
    • Smurto formos
    • EIGE tyrimai apie smurtą lyties pagrindu
    • Administracinių duomenų šaltiniai apie smurtą lyties pagrindu
      • Duomenų rinkimas
      • Apie įrankį
      • ES žemėlapis
      • Advanced search
    • Nusikaltimų aukų teisių direktyva
    • Smurto lyties pagrindu kaina
    • Cyber violence against women
    • Intimate partner violence and witness intervention
    • Moterų lyties organų žalojimas
      • Risk estimations
    • Risk assessment and risk management by police
      • Risk assessment principles and steps
          • Principle 1: Prioritising victim safety
          • Principle 2: Adopting a victim-centred approach
          • Principle 3: Taking a gender-specific approach
          • Principle 4: Adopting an intersectional approach
          • Principle 5: Considering children’s experiences
          • Step 1: Define the purpose and objectives of police risk assessment
          • Step 2: Identify the most appropriate approach to police risk assessment
          • Step 3: Identify the most relevant risk factors for police risk assessment
          • Step 4: Implement systematic police training and capacity development
          • Step 5: Embed police risk assessment in a multiagency framework
          • Step 6: Develop procedures for information management and confidentiality
          • Step 7: Monitor and evaluate risk assessment practices and outcomes
      • Risk management principles and recommendations
        • Principle 1. Adopting a gender-specific approach
        • Principle 2. Introducing an individualised approach to risk management
        • Principle 3. Establishing an evidence-based approach
        • Principle 4. Underpinning the processes with an outcome-focused approach
        • Principle 5. Delivering a coordinated, multiagency response
      • Legal and policy framework
      • Tools and approaches
      • Areas for improvement
      • References
    • Geroji praktika, skirta kovoti su smurtu lyties pagrindu
    • Metodai ir įrankiai siekiant kovoti su smurtu lyties pagrindu
    • Baltojo kaspino kampanija
      • About the White Ribbon Campaign
      • White Ribbon Ambassadors
    • Reguliavimas ir teisinis pagrindas
      • Tarptautiniai teisės aktai
      • ES teisės aktai
      • Strategic framework on violence against women 2015-2018
      • Teisinės apibrėžimai ES valstybėse narėse
    • Literatūra ir teisės aktai
    • EIGE's publications on gender-based violence
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  • Topics
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  • EIGE leidiniai
    • Gender-sensitive Communication
      • Overview of the toolkit
      • First steps towards more inclusive language
        • Terms you need to know
        • Why should I ever mention gender?
        • Choosing whether to mention gender
        • Key principles for inclusive language use
      • Challenges
        • Stereotypes
          • Avoid gendered pronouns (he or she) when the person’s gender is unknown
          • Avoid irrelevant information about gender
          • Avoid gendered stereotypes as descriptive terms
          • Gendering in-animate objects
          • Using different adjectives for women and men
          • Avoid using stereotypical images
        • Invisibility and omission
          • Do not use ‘man’ as the neutral term
          • Do not use ‘he’ to refer to unknown people
          • Do not use gender-biased nouns to refer to groups of people
          • Take care with ‘false generics’
          • Greetings and other forms of inclusive communication
        • Subordination and trivialisation
          • Naming conventions
          • Patronising language
      • Test your knowledge
        • Quiz 1: Policy document
        • Quiz 2: Job description
        • Quiz 3: Legal text
      • Practical tools
        • Solutions for how to use gender-sensitive language
        • Pronouns
        • Invisibility or omission
        • Common gendered nouns
        • Adjectives
        • Phrases
      • Policy context
    • Work-life balance in the ICT sector
      • Back to toolkit page
      • EU policies on work-life balance
      • Women in the ICT sector
      • The argument for work-life balance measures
        • Challenges
      • Step-by-step approach to building a compelling business case
        • Step 1: Identify national work-life balance initiatives and partners
        • Step 2: Identify potential resistance and find solutions
        • Step 3: Maximise buy-in from stakeholders
        • Step 4: Design a solid implementation plan
        • Step 5: Carefully measure progress
        • Step 6: Highlight benefits and celebrate early wins
      • Toolbox for planning work-life balance measures in ICT companies
      • Work–life balance checklist
    • Gender Equality Index 2019. Work-life balance
      • Back to toolkit page
      • Foreword
      • Highlights
      • Introduction
        • Still far from the finish line
        • Snail’s-pace progress on gender equality in the EU continues
        • More women in decision-making drives progress
        • Convergence on gender equality in the EU
      • 2. Domain of work
        • Gender equality inching slowly forward in a fast-changing world of work
        • Women dominate part-time employment, consigning them to jobs with poorer career progression
        • Motherhood, low education and migration are particular barriers to work for women
      • 3. Domain of money
        • Patchy progress on gender-equal access to financial and economic resources
        • Paying the price for motherhood
        • Lifetime pay inequalities fall on older women
      • 4. Domain of knowledge
        • Gender equality in education standing still even as women graduates outnumber men graduates
        • Both women and men limit their study fields
        • Adult learning stalls most when reskilling needs are greatest
      • 5. Domain of time
        • Enduring burden of care perpetuates inequalities for women
        • Uneven impact of family life on women and men
      • 6. Domain of power
        • More women in decision-making but still a long way to go
        • Democracy undermined by absence of gender parity in politics
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        • Eradicating sexism to change the face of the EU
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  • Risk assessment and risk management by police

Risk assessment and risk management by police

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  • Risk assessment principles and steps
    • Principles
      • Principle 1: Prioritising victim safety
      • Principle 2: Adopting a victim-centred approach
      • Principle 3: Taking a gender-specific approach
      • Principle 4: Adopting an intersectional approach
      • Principle 5: Considering children’s experiences
    • Steps
      • Step 1: Define the purpose and objectives of police risk assessment
      • Step 2: Identify the most appropriate approach to police risk assessment
      • Step 3: Identify the most relevant risk factors for police risk assessment
      • Step 4: Implement systematic police training and capacity development
      • Step 5: Embed police risk assessment in a multiagency framework
      • Step 6: Develop procedures for information management and confidentiality
      • Step 7: Monitor and evaluate risk assessment practices and outcomes
  • Risk management principles and recommendations
    • Principle 1. Adopting a gender-specific approach
    • Principle 2. Introducing an individualised approach to risk management
    • Principle 3. Establishing an evidence-based approach
    • Principle 4. Underpinning the processes with an outcome-focused approach
    • Principle 5. Delivering a coordinated, multiagency response
  • Legal and policy framework
  • Tools and approaches
  • Areas for improvement
  • References

References

(1) Stark, E. (2012), ‘The dangerousness of danger assessment’, Domestic Violence Report, Vol. 17, No 5, pp. 65-69.

(2) Beijing Platform for Action (2013), Agreed conclusions on the elimination and prevention of all forms of violence against women and girls (E/2013/27-E/CN.6/2013/11), United Nations, New York, para. 34 (available at http://www.un.org/CSW57_Agreed_Conclusions_(CSW_report_excerpt).pdf).

(3) Council of Europe (CoE) (2011), Explanatory report to the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, CoE, Paris (available at https://rm.coe.int/16800d383a).

(4) European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) (2014), Effective gender equality training: analysing the preconditions and success factors, EIGE, Vilnius (available at https://eige.europa.eu/rdc/eige-publications/effective-gender-equality-t...).

(5) European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), Glossary & Thesaurus, ‘intersectionality’ (available at https://eige.europa.eu/thesaurus/terms/1263).

(6) European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) (2017), Glossary of definitions of rape, femicide and intimate partner violence, EIGE, Vilnius (available at https://eige.europa.eu/rdc/eige-publications/glossary-definitions-rape-f...).

(7) European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) (2017), Glossary of definitions of rape, femicide and intimate partner violence, EIGE, Vilnius (available at https://eige.europa.eu/rdc/eige-publications/glossary-definitions-rape-f...).

(8) Council of Europe (CoE) (2017), Emergency barring orders in situations of domestic violence: Article 52 of the Istanbul Convention, CoE, Paris (available at https://rm.coe.int/convention-istanbul-article-52/168073e0e7).

(9) Geraghty, K. A. and Woodhams, J. (2015), ‘The predictive validity of risk assessment tools for female offenders: a systematic review’, Aggression and Violent Behavior, Vol. 21, pp. 25-38 (available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359178915000038).

(10) The Free Dictionary by Farlex, ‘probation’ (available at https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/probation).

(11) Council of Europe (CoE) (2011), Explanatory report to the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, CoE, Istanbul (available at https://rm.coe.int/16800d383a).

(12) European e-Justice Portal, ‘Protection orders issued in one EU country can continue to be enforced in another’ (available at https://e-justice.europa.eu/content_mutual_recognition_of_protection_mea...).

(13) Council of Europe (CoE) (2011), Convention on Preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, CoE, Paris (available at https://rm.coe.int/168046031c).

(14) European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) (2017), Glossary of definitions of rape, femicide and intimate partner violence, EIGE, Vilnius (available at https://eige.europa.eu/rdc/eige-publications/glossary-definitions-rape-f...).

(15) Oxford Dictionary, Lexico, ‘reassault’ (available at https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/reassault).

(16) Oxford Dictionary, Lexico, ‘recidivism’ (available at https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/recidivism).

(17) United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) (2015), ‘Glossary’, Multi-sectoral response to GBV: an effective and coordinated way to protect and empower GBV victims/survivors, UNFPA Regional Office for Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Istanbul (available at http://femroadmap.eu/MSR_Generic_model_eng.pdf).

(18) Council of Europe (CoE) (2006), Recommendation Rec(2006)8 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on assistance to crime victims, COE, Paris, https://rm.coe.int/16805afa5c.

(19) Oxford Dictionary, Lexico, ‘risk’ (available at https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/risk).

(20) Council of Europe (CoE) (2011), Convention on Preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, CoE, Paris, Art. 51 (available at https://rm.coe.int/168046031c).

(21) Council of Europe (CoE) (2016), Improving the effectiveness of law-enforcement and justice officers in combating violence against women and domestic violence: training of trainers manual, CoE, Paris (available at https://rm.coe.int/16807016f3).

(22) Robinson, A. L., Myhill, A., Wire, J., Roberts, J. and Tilley, N. (2016), Risk-led policing of domestic abuse and the DASH risk model, What Works Centre for Crime Reduction, College of Policing, Cardiff University, and Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, Cardiff and London (available at http://www.college.police.uk/News/College-news/Documents/Risk-led_polici...).

(23) College of Policing, Authorised Professional Practice (APP), ‘Major investigation and public protection: victim safety and support’ (available at https://www.app.college.police.uk/app-content/major-investigation-and-pu...).

(24) Council of Europe (CoE) (2006), Recommendation Rec(2006)8 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on assistance to crime victims, COE, Paris, (available at https://rm.coe.int/16805afa5c).

(25) European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) (2012), Review of the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action in the EU Member States: violence against women — victim support, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg (available at https://eige.europa.eu/rdc/eige-publications/violenceagainst-women-victi...).

(26) Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) (2009), Bringing security home: combating violence against women in the OSCE region — a compilation of good practices, OSCE, Vienna.

(27) Government of Western Australia, Department for Child Protection, Family and Domestic Violence Unit (2011), Common risk assessment and risk management framework, Government of Western Australia, Perth, p. 3.

(28) Art. 2(1)(a), Directive 2012/29/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/220/JHA, OJ L 315, 14.11.2012, pp. 57-73 (available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1421925131614&uri=CE...).

(29) For the purposes of this guide, victims of intimate partner violence will be considered predominantly women and girls, as it is widely acknowledged that most gender-based violence is inflicted on women and girls by men. See EIGE, ‘What is gender-based violence?’ (available at https://eige.europa.eu/gender-based-violence/what-is-gender-based-violence).

(30) European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), Glossary & Thesaurus, ‘victimisation’ (available at https://eige.europa.eu/rdc/thesaurus/terms/1425).

(31) Council of Europe (CoE) (2011), Convention on Preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, CoE, Paris, Art. 3 (available at https://rm.coe.int/168046031c).

(32) Ibid.

(33) World Health Organisation (2017), Violence against women (available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women).

(34) Directive 2012/29/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/220/JHA, OJ L 315, 14.11.2012, pp. 57-73 (available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1421925131614&uri=CE...).

(35) European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) (2016), An analysis of the Victims’ Rights Directive from a gender perspective, EIGE, Vilnius (available at https://eige.europa.eu/rdc/eige-publications/analysis-victims-rights-dir...).

(36) European Commission, Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (2012), ‘DG Justice guidance document related to the transposition and implementation of Victims’ Rights Directive 2012/29/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/220/JHA’, European Commission, Brussels.

(37) Directive 2011/99/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the European protection order, OJ L 338, 21.12.2011, pp. 2-18 (available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32011L0099).

(38) Regulation (EU) No 606/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 June 2013 on mutual recognition of protection measures in civil matters, OJ L 181, 29.6.2013, pp. 4-12 (available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32013R0606).

(39) Council of Europe (CoE) (2011), Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, CoE, Paris (available at https://rm.coe.int/168046031c).

(40) Further information on the EU and international legislative framework is included in Annex 1.

(41) Campbell, J. C., Webster, D. W. and Glass, N. (2009), ‘The danger assessment: validation of a lethality risk assessment instrument for intimate partner femicide’, in Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol. 24, No 4, pp. 653-674.

(42) Williams, K. R. and Grant, S. R. (2006), ‘Empirically examining the risk of intimate partner violence: the Revised Domestic Violence Screening Instrument (DVSI-R)’, Public Health Reports, Vol. 121, No 4, pp. 400-408; Williams, K. R. and Houghton, A. B. (2004), ‘Assessing the risk of domestic violence reoffending: a validation study’, Law and Human Behavior, Vol. 28, No 4, pp. 437-455.

(43) Gelles and Straus (1990), cited in Roehl, J., O’Sullivan, C., Webster, D. and Campbell, J. (2005), Intimate partner violence risk assessment validation study, final report, US Department of Justice, Washington DC.

(44) Kropp, P. R. and Hart, S. D. (2000), ‘The spousal assault risk assessment (SARA) guide: reliability and validity in adult male offenders’, Law and Human Behavior, Vol. 24, No 1, pp. 101-118.

(45) Hilton, N. Z., Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., Lang, C., Cormier, C. A. and Lines, K. J. (2004), ’A brief actuarial assessment for the prediction of wife assault recidivism: the Ontario domestic assault risk assessment ’, Psychological Assessment, Vol. 16, No 3, p. 267.

(46) Au, A., Cheung, G., Kropp, R., Yuk-chung, C., Lam, G. L. and Sung, P. (2008), ‘A preliminary validation of the brief spousal assault form for the evaluation of risk (B-SAFER)’, in Hong Kong Journal of Family Violence, Vol. 23, No 8, p. 727.

(47) For example, the domestic abuse, stalking and harassment and honour-based violence (DASH) questionnaire in the United Kingdom, three different tools in Sweden — SARA: SV6 (short version), SAM: SV (stalking assessment and management, short version) and Patriarch (a checklist for assessing honour-related crime) — and SARA-plus in Italy.

(48) DK, IE, ES, IT, AT, PT, SK.

(49) IT, SE.

(50) DE, SK.

(51) DE, IT, AT, PT.

(52) EE, IE, MT, SK, UK.

(53) Almond, L., McManus, M., Brian, D. and Merrington, D. P. (2017), ’Exploration of the risk factors contained within the UK’s existing domestic abuse risk assessment tool (DASH): do these risk factors have individual predictive validity regarding recidivism?’, in Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, Vol. 9, No 1, pp. 58-68.

(54) BE, CZ, DK, EE, IE, EL, ES, HR, IT, CY, LT, LU, MT, NL, AT, PT, RO, SK, FI, UK.

(55) EL, ES, CY, LU, NL, PT, RO, SK.

(56) BE, DK, EE, IE, HR, IT, MT, FI, SE, UK.

(57) BE, CZ, IE, ES, IT, AT, PT, UK.

(58) BU, DE, FR, GR, LT, HU, PL, SI.

(59) BE, DE, EE, FR, IT, AT.

(60) Ministry of Internal Affairs (MAI) (2018), Ordinul nr. 146/2578/2018 privind modalitatea de gestionare a cazurilor de violență domestică de către polițiști [Order No. 146/2578/2018 regarding the management of domestic violence cases by police] (available at https://lege5.ro/Gratuit/gmytimzvgq3a/ordinul-nr-146-2578-2018-privind-m...). Annex 1 includes the risk assessment form.

(61) BG, EL, MT.

(62) A protection order is a fast legal remedy to protect persons at risk of any form of violence by prohibiting, restraining or prescribing certain behaviour by the perpetrator. Council of Europe (CoE) (2011), Explanatory report to the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, Paris, COM(2011)49-addfinal (available at https://rm.coe.int/16800d383a).

(63) Also known as a domestic violence restraining order, an intervention order, a civil harassment restraining order or an anti-harassment order.

(64) Benitez, C. T., McNiel, D. E. and Binder, R. L. (2010), ‘Do protection orders protect?’, The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Vol. 38, No 3, p. 376.

(65) Jordan, C. E. (2004), ‘Intimate partner violence and the justice system: an examination of the interface’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol. 19, pp. 1 412-1 434 (available at https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=ipsv...).

(66) Strand, S. (2012), ‘Using a restraining order as a protective risk management strategy to prevent intimate partner violence’, Police Practice and Research, Vol. 13, No 3, pp. 254-266.

(67) Dowling, C., Morgan, A., Hulme, S., Manning, M. and Wong, G. (2018), ‘Protection orders for domestic violence: a systematic review’, Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, No 551, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra (available at https://aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi551).

(68) Vigurs, C., Schucan-Bird, K., Quy, K. and Gough, D. (2016), ‘The impact of domestic violence perpetrator programmes on victim and criminal justice outcomes: a systematic review of reviews of research evidence’, What Works: Crime Reduction Systematic Review, Series No 5 (available at https://whatworks.college.police.uk/Research/Systematic_Review_Series/Do...).

(69) Shelpard, M. F. and Pence, E. L. (eds) (1999), Coordinating community responses to domestic violence, SAGE, London.

(70) European Network for Work with Perpetrators (WWP EN) (2018), Guidelines to develop standards for programmes working with perpetrators of domestic violence (available at https://www.work-with-perpetrators.eu/fileadmin/WWP_Network/redakteure/G...).

(71) Kelly, L. and Westmarland, N. (2015), Domestic violence perpetrator programmes: steps towards change, Project Mirabal final report, London Metropolitan University and Durham University, London and Durham (available at https://www.nr-foundation.org.uk/downloads/Project_Mirabal-Final_report.pdf).

(72) http://driveproject.org.uk/

(73) Crime and Security Research Institute, Cardiff University, ‘New initiatives to tackle domestic violence perpetrators using the Priority Perpetrator Identification Tool (PPIT)’ (available at https://crimeandsecurity.org/feed/2017/6/8/new-initiatives-to-tackle-dom...).

(74) Centre for Research and Education on Violence against Women and Children (2012), Domestic violence risk assessment and management curriculum, Centre for Research and Education on Violence against Women and Children, Ontario (available at http://onlinetraining.learningtoendabuse.ca/sites/default/files/lessons/...).

(75) Davies, J. (2017), Victim-defined safety planning: a summary, Greater Hartford Legal Aid, Hartford, Connecticut (available at https://www.bcsdv.org/wpcontent/uploads/2017/02/Victim-Defined-Safety-Pl...).

(76) Government of Western Australia, Department for Child Protection, Family and Domestic Violence Unit (2011), Common risk assessment and risk management framework, Government of Western Australia, Perth.

(77) Juodis, M., Starzomski, A., Porter, S. and Woodworth, M. (2014), ‘What can be done about high-risk perpetrators of domestic violence?’, Journal of Family Violence, Vol. 29, pp. 381-390.

(78) Moser, A. E. and Campbell, M. A. (2012), Validation and expansion of the Ontario domestic assault risk assessment (ODARA) instrument: an early warning system, Centre for Criminal Justice Studies and Psychology Department, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton.

(79) Douglas, K. S. and Randall Kropp, P. (2002), ‘A prevention-based paradigm for violence risk assessment: clinical and research applications’, Criminal Justice and Behavior, Vol. 29, No 5, pp. 617-658.

(80) Douglas, K. S. and Randall Kropp, P. (2002), ‘A prevention-based paradigm for violence risk assessment: clinical and research applications’, Criminal Justice and Behavior, Vol. 29, No 5, p. 8.

(81) Wheller, L. and Wire, J. (2014), Domestic abuse risk factors and risk assessment: summary of findings from a rapid evidence assessment, College of Policing, London, p. 5 (available at https://whatworks.college.police.uk/Research/Documents/DA-ROR-Summary-De...).

(82) Council of Europe (CoE) (2011), Explanatory report to the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, CoE, Paris (available at https://rm.coe.int/16800d383a).

(83) Myhill, A. and Hohl, K. (2016), ‘The “golden thread”: coercive control and risk assessment for domestic violence’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence (available at http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/15642/3/JIPV%20as%20accepted.pdf).

(84) The DASH form is the domestic abuse, stalking and harassment and honour-based violence questionnaire, a risk assessment tool used widely in the United Kingdom.

(85) Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of the Constabulary (HMIC) (2014), Everyone’s business: improving the police response to domestic violence, HMIC, London, p. 70, cited in Robinson, A. L., Pinchevsky, G. M. and Guthrie, J. A. (2018), ‘A small constellation: risk factors informing police perceptions of domestic abuse’, Policing and Society, Vol. 28, No 2, pp. 189-204.

(86) Groups’ vulnerabilities reflect discrimination and stigma in their national and community settings rather than intrinsic vulnerability. In fact, women and children from these groups frequently display significant resilience in the face of routine violation of their human rights. It is important not to confuse intersectionality with vulnerability.

(87) Such as the victim’s gender and gender identity or expression, ethnicity, race, religion, sexual orientation and disability, but also residence status, communication difficulties, relationship to or dependence on the perpetrator and previous experience of crime.

(88) Katz, E. (2016), ‘Beyond the physical incident model: how children living with domestic violence are harmed by and resist regimes of coercive control’, Child Abuse Review, Vol. 25, No 1, pp. 46-59; Stark, E. (2009), ‘Rethinking custody evaluation in cases involving domestic violence’, Journal of Child Custody, Vol. 6, No 3, pp. 287-321.

(89) Belfrage, H. and Strand, S. (2012), ‘Assessment and management of risk for intimate partner violence by police officers using the spousal assault risk assessment guide (SARA)’, Law and Human Behaviour, Vol. 36, No 1, pp. 60-67.

(90) European Commission (2010), Feasibility study to assess the possibilities, opportunities and needs to standardise national legislation on violence against women, violence against children and sexual orientation violence, Daphne Project, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg; Hester, M. (2005), ‘Making it through the criminal justice system: attrition and domestic violence’, Social Policy and Society, Vol. 5, No 1, pp. 79-90.

(91) Such as sex, gender, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, state of health, disability, marital status, migrant or refugee status, or other status.

(92) Gender-based approaches recognise the commonalities between all the varied manifestations of gender-based violence: forms of coercion, abuse and assault that are used to control, constrain and limit the lives, status, movement and opportunities of women.

(93) Groups’ vulnerabilities reflect discrimination and stigma in their national and community settings rather than intrinsic vulnerability. In fact, women and children from these groups frequently display significant resilience in the face of routine violation of their human rights. It is important not to confuse intersectionality with vulnerability.

(94) Such as the victim’s gender and gender identity or expression, ethnicity, race, religion, sexual orientation and disability, but also residence status, communication difficulties, relationship to or dependence on the perpetrator and previous experience of crime.

(95) Children and their mothers are at particular risk during separation and divorce, and safety planning is especially important in this context. See United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) (2014), Strengthening health system responses to gender-based violence in eastern Europe and central Asia: a resource package, UNFPA Regional Office for Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Istanbul (available at https://eeca.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/WAVEUNFPA-Report-EN.pdf).

(96) Radford, L., Aitken R., Miller, P., Ellis, J. and Howarth E. L. (2004), Children living with domestic violence: towards a framework of assessment and intervention, Russel House Publishing Ltd, Dorset.

(97) Developed by Barnardo’s Northern Ireland (available at http://www.barnardos.org.uk/pp_no_7_assessing_the_risks_to_children_from...).

(98) https://safeandtogetherinstitute.com

(99) Council of Europe (CoE) (2016), Improving the effectiveness of law-enforcement and justice officers in combating violence against women and domestic violence: training of trainers manual, CoE, Paris (available at https://rm.coe.int/16807016f3).

(100) Jaaber, R. A. and Das Dasgupta, S. (2010), ‘Assessing social risks of battered women’, Praxis International, Vol. 1, p. 5 (available at http://praxisinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/AssessingSocia...).

(101) Wheller, L. and Wire, J. (2014), ‘Domestic abuse risk factors and risk assessment’, Summary of findings from a rapid evidence assessment, College of Policing, London.

(102) The domestic abuse, stalking and harassment and honour-based violence (DASH 2009) risk identification and assessment and management model (available at https://www.dashriskchecklist.co.uk/).

(103) Victim services, social services, child protection, health services, prosecutors, probation offers.

(104) https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-topic/data-protection_en

(105) EU Member States have set up national bodies responsible for protecting personal data in accordance with Article 8(3) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (available at https://edpb.europa.eu/about-edpb/board/members_en).

(106) For specific guidance on data collection, please refer to EIGE’s recommendations to improve administrative data collection on intimate partner violence by the police and justice sectors (available at https://eige.europa.eu/rdc/eige-publications/indicators-intimate-partner...).

(107) Crown Prosecution Service, ‘Controlling or coercive behaviour in an intimate or family relationship: legal guidance, domestic abuse’, (available at https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/controlling-or-coercive-behaviour-...).

(108) McEwan, T. E., Bateson, S. and Strand, S. (2017), ‘Improving police risk assessment and management of family violence through a collaboration between law-enforcement, forensic mental health and academia’, Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice, Vol. 3, No 2, pp. 119-131.

(109) Service-generated risks arise from a lack of information or understanding about the impact of a service’s action. One common example is assuming that separation equals safety. This results in police, social work or other agencies pressuring women to leave an abuser when she may have accurately assessed that separation would be too dangerous.

(110) Institutional sexism refers to gender discrimination reflected in the policies and practices of organisations such as governments, corporations (workplaces), public institutions (schools, healthcare) and financial institutions. These practices derive from systemic sexist beliefs that women are inferior to and therefore less capable than men. Capodilupo, C. M. (2017), ‘Institutional sexism’, The SAGE encyclopedia of psychology and gender, SAGE, London (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483384269.n317).

(111) For example, as noted previously, perpetrators with histories of violent crime and/or mental illness are more likely to breach protection orders, which would need to be considered in a risk management strategy.

(112) Developed by Barnardo’s Northern Ireland (available at http://www.barnardos.org.uk/pp_no_7_assessing_the_risks_to_children_from...).

(113) ‘Safe and Together’ refers to the model’s principle that the best way to assist children who are exposed to the behaviour of a perpetrator is to keep them safe and together with the non-offending parent. It was developed in the United States and has been rolled out elsewhere, including in Australia, New Zealand and Scotland (available at https://safeandtogetherinstitute.com).

(114) Such as age, religion, immigration status, ethnicity and sexual orientation.

(115) European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) (2018), Indicators on intimate partner violence and rape for the police and justice sectors, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg (available at https://eige.europa.eu/publications/indicators-intimate-partner-violence...).

(116) Robinson, A. L., Myhill, A., Wire, J., Roberts, J. and Tilley, N. (2016), Risk-led policing of domestic abuse and the DASH risk model, College of Policing, London (available at https://www.college.police.uk/News/College-news/Documents/Risk-led_polic...).

(117) European Commission (2019), Strengthening victims’ rights: from compensation to reparation — report of the special adviser, J. Milquet, to the President of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, European Commission, Brussels (available at https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/law/law_by_topic/document_-st...).

(118) Juodis, M., Starzomski, A., Porter, S. and Woodworth, M. (2014), ‘What can be done about high-risk perpetrators of domestic violence?’, Journal of Family Violence, Vol. 29, pp. 381-390.

(119) Moser, A. E. and Campbell, M. A. (2012), Validation and expansion of the Ontario domestic assault risk assessment (ODARA) instrument: an early warning system, Centre for Criminal Justice Studies and Psychology Department, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton.

(120) A useful toolkit for establishing and monitoring a coordinated community response can be found at the Coordinated Community Response Model website (available at http://www.ccrm.org.uk/).

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