Beijing Platform for Action

Women’s poverty is directly related to the absence of economic opportunities and autonomy, lack of access to economic resources, including credit, land ownership and inheritance, lack of access to education and support services and their minimal participation in the decision-making process.

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Discrimination in girls’ access to education persists in many areas, owing to customary attitudes, early marriages and pregnancies, inadequate and gender-biased teaching and educational materials, sexual harassment and lack of adequate physically and otherwise accessible schooling facilities.

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Women are affected by many of the same health conditions as men, but experience them differently due to poverty and economic dependence, violence, negative attitudes, racial and other forms of discrimination, limited power over their sexual and reproductive lives, and lack of influence in decision-making.

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Women are the most at risk of being victims of violence because of historically unequal power relations with men and also because of their frequently  low social and economic status.

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Women are affected by armed conflict in a variety of ways: they are victims of gender-based violence, peace and reconstruction actors, and combatants or members of the armed forces, volunteers or not. Women and children constitute some 80 % of the world’s millions of refugees and other displaced persons.

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Discrimination in education and training, hiring and remuneration, promotion and horizontal mobility practices, as well as inflexible working conditions, lack of access to productive resources and inadequate sharing of family responsibilities, combined with a lack of or insufficient services such as childcare, continue to restrict employment, economic, professional and other opportunities and mobility for women and make their involvement stressful.

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The socialisation and negative stereotyping of women and men, including stereotyping through the media, reinforces the tendency for political decision-making to remain the domain of men - women continue to be largely under-represented at most levels of government, especially in ministerial and other executive bodies.

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The socialisation and negative stereotyping of women and men, including stereotyping through the media, reinforces the tendency for political decision-making to remain the domain of men - women continue to be largely under-represented at most levels of government, especially in ministerial and other executive bodies.

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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights stipulates that human rights apply to all people equally without distinction of any kind such as race, colour, sex, language or any status, yet women and girls frequently suffer discrimination in the allocation of economic and social resources, which directly violates their economic, social and cultural rights.

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Print and electronic media in most countries do not provide a balanced picture of women’s diverse lives and contributions to society in a changing world. Violent, degrading and pornographic media products also negatively affect women and their participation in society.

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Women are often not equal participants in the management of financial and corporate institutions whose decision-making most significantly affects environmental quality and they are often under-represented in formal institutions with policymaking capacities at the national, regional and international levels.

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Girls are often treated as inferior and less encouraged than boys to participate in the social, economic and political functioning of society, with the result that they are not offered the same opportunities as boys to take part in decision-making processes. Gender-biased educational processes reinforce existing gender inequalities.

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