Country information
Description
Progress on gender equality in Bulgaria since 2010
With 59.6 out of 100 points, Bulgaria ranks 19th in the EU on the Gender Equality Index. Bulgaria’s score is 8.3 points below the EU’s score. Since 2010, Bulgaria’s score has increased by 4.6 points. Its score has increased only slightly (by 0.8 points) since 2017. The country’s ranking has fallen two places since 2010.
Best performance
Bulgaria’s scores are highest in the domains of health (77.2 points) and work (69.0 points), although the country ranks low in both domains (27th in the domain of health and 21st in the domain of work).
Most room for improvement
Gender inequalities are most pronounced in the domain of time (42.7 points). Having fallen three places since 2010, Bulgaria ranks last in this domain.
Biggest improvement
Since 2010, Bulgaria’s scores have improved the most in the domain of power, increasing its ranking by two places (it ranks 6th). Since 2010, Bulgaria has gained 15.7 points in the domain of power.
A step backwards
Since 2010, Bulgaria’s score has decreased in the domain of time (– 1.2 points). There has been minor progress in the domains of work (+ 1.1 points), money (+ 1.5 points) and health (+ 1.9 points).
Key highlights
Positives
- The full-time equivalent (FTE) employment rate has risen for both women and men.
- The share of women among ministers and the share of women among members of parliament have increased.
- The share of women on the board of the central bank is four times higher than in 2010.
Negatives
- The gender gap in full-time equivalent (FTE) employment rate is much wider between people in couples with children, and among those aged 25-49.
- The risk of poverty has increased by 1 percentage point for both women and men since 2010. The poverty rates are among the highest in the EU.
- The people facing the highest risk of poverty are women and men with a low level of education (47 % and 43 %), single women (46 %), women with disabilities (34 %) and women aged 65 or older (35 %).
Description
Progress in gender equality in Bulgaria since 2010
With 59.9 out of 100 points, Bulgaria ranks 18th in the EU on the Gender Equality Index. Its score is 8.1 points below the EU’s score. Since 2010, Bulgaria’s score has increased by 4.9 points and its ranking has dropped by two places. Since 2018, Bulgaria’s score has increased by 0.3 points, mainly driven by improvements in the domain of money. Its ranking stayed the same.
Best Performance
Bulgaria’s ranking is the highest – 9th among all Member States – in the domain of power in which it scores 60.2 points. The country performs the best in the sub-domain of economic decision-making, in which it ranks 6th.
Most room for improvement
Gender inequalities are most pronounced in the domains of time (42.7 points) and money (64.5 points). In these domains, Bulgaria’s ranking has dropped from the 24th to the last place since 2010.
Biggest improvement
Since 2010, Bulgaria has gained 4.8 points in the domain of knowledge. Its ranking has improved from the 15th to the 14th place in this domain. Improvements in the sub-domain of gender segregation in education have powered this change (+ 7.0 points).
A step backwards
Since 2018, Bulgaria’s score has decreased in the domain of power (– 1.3 points). Its ranking has dropped from the 6th to the 9th place. The change is driven by increased levels of gender inequality in social decision-making (– 6.7 points).
Description
Progress in gender equality
With 60.7 out of 100 points, Bulgaria ranks 18th in the EU on the Gender Equality Index. Its score is 7.9 points below the EU’s score.
Since 2010, Bulgaria’s score has increased by 5.7 points, and its ranking has dropped by two places. Since 2019, Bulgaria’s score has increased by 0.8 points, mainly driven by improvements in the domain of power, but its ranking has stayed the same.
Best performance
Bulgaria’s ranking is the highest – 9th among all Member States – in the domain of power in which it scores 63.0 points. Since 2019, Bulgaria’s score in this domain has increased by 2.8 points, despite retaining its ranking at the 9th place. The country performs best in the sub-domain of economic decision-making, in which it ranks 6th. Since 2010, Bulgaria’s score in the domain of power has increased significantly (+ 17.2 points), even though its ranking has dropped by one place.
Most room for improvement
Gender inequalities are strongly pronounced in the domain of money (65.0 points). Even though Bulgaria’s score has marginally increased (+ 0.5 points since 2019), the country ranks last. Among all Member States, Bulgaria is the furthest away from gender equality in the sub-domain of economic situation (– 6.3 points, since 2010), ranking 27th. Despite improvements in the sub-domain of financial resources (+ 10.6 points since 2010), Bulgaria ranks last among all Member States.
Biggest improvement
With 56.2 points, Bulgaria has improved the most in the domain of knowledge (+ 5.8 points since 2010). Since 2019, Bulgaria’s score has improved ( + 1.0 points) and its ranking has moved up from the 22nd to the 21st place. Improvements in the sub-domain of gender segregation in education have powered this change (+ 1.3 points, since 2019). Furthermore, Bulgaria’s ranking in this sub-domain have improved from the 12th to the 10th place over the same period of time.
A step backwards
Bulgaria’s score has decreased in the domain of work (– 0.3 points), driven by a stagnating score in the sub-domain of segregation and quality of work (+ 0.7 points since 2010 and + 0.1 points since 2019), ranking 23rd among all Member States. Furthermore, the country’s performance in this domain can be attributed to significant shortcomings in the sub-domain of participation (– 1.0 points), leading to a drop in its ranking by two places, from the 10th to the 12th place.
Key highlights
Focus 2022: COVID-19 in Bulgaria
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Childcare was very unevenly distributed between women and men
In 2021, 41 % of women and 16 % of men reported taking care of and supervising children aged 0–11 completely or mostly by themselves. During the pandemic, 36 % of women and 24 % of men spent at least four hours caring for children aged 0–11. As such, less women (64 %) than men (76 %) with childcare responsibilities participated in social and individual activities three times a week or more.
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Women were less likely than men to rely on external support for childcare
In 2021, women were overall less likely than men to rely on external support, either formal or informal, to help alleviate their childcare responsibilities. Women (51 %) and men (58 %) were most likely to rely on grandparents and other relatives for support. Only 35 % of women relied on day-care centres or schools to alleviate their care duties, while 47 % of men did so.
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Household work fell primarily on women
In 2021, 68 % of women compared to only 8 % of men reported carrying out household chores completely or mostly by themselves, resulting in a gender gap of 60 pp (14 pp above the EU average). During the pandemic, 19 % of women and 6 % of men spent more than four hours a day undertaking housework tasks.
Description
Напредък в равенството между половете в България от 2010 г. досега
С 59,9 от 100 процентни пункта България заема 18-о място в ЕС по индекса за равенството между половете. Това е с 8,1 процентни пункта под резултата за ЕС.
От 2010 г. насам България е подобрила резултата си с 4,9 процентни пункта, но се е преместила с две места по-надолу в класацията. От 2018 г. този резултат се е повишил с 0,3 процентни пункта, главно поради подобрения по показателя за парите. Мястото ѝ в класацията се запазва.
Най-добро представяне
България се класира най-добре — на 9-о място сред всички държави членки — по показателя за правомощията с резултат от 60,2 процентни пункта. Страната се представя най-добре по подпоказателя „вземане на решения в икономическата сфера“, по който е на 6-о място.
Най-голяма възможност за подобрение
Неравенствата между половете са най-силно изразени в показателите за време (42,7 процентни пункта) и пари (64,5 процентни пункта). По тях България падна от 24-о на последно място, считано от 2010 г.
Най-голямо подобрение
От 2010 г. насам България е добавила 4,8 процентни пункта към резултата си по показателя за знания. В класацията тя се премести от 15-о на 14-о място по този показател. За промяната допринесоха подобрения по подпоказателя за полова сегрегация в образованието.
Стъпка назад
От 2018 г. насам резултатът на България по показателя за правомощия се понижи (– 1,3 процентни пункта). В класацията България се премести от 6-о на 9-о място. Причина за промяната са повишените равнища на неравенство между половете при вземането на решения в социалната сфера.
Description
Развитие по отношение на равенството между половете
С 60,7 от 100 процентни пункта България заема 18-то място в ЕС по индекса за равенството между половете. Това е със 7,9 процентни пункта под резултата за ЕС.
От 2010 г. насам България е подобрила резултата си с 5,7 процентни пункта, но се е преместила с две места по-надолу в класацията. От 2019 г. резултатът на България се е повишил с 0,8 процентни пункта, главно поради подобрения по показателя за правомощията, но мястото ѝ в класацията остава същото.
Най-добро представяне
България се класира най-добре — на 9-то място сред всички държави членки — по показателя за правомощията с резултат от 63,0 процентни пункта. От 2019 г. резултатът на България по този показател се е увеличил с 2,8 процентни пункта, въпреки че страната запазва 9-тото си място в класацията. Страната се представя най-добре по подпоказателя „вземане на решения в икономическата сфера“, по който е на 6-то място. От 2010 г. насам резултатът на България по показателя за правомощията се е увеличил значително (+17,2 процентни пункта), въпреки че страната се е преместила с едно място по-надолу в класацията.
Най-голяма възможност за подобрение
Неравенствата между половете са силно изразени по показателя за парите (65,0 процентни пункта). Въпреки че резултатът на България се е повишил незначително (+ 0,5 процентни пункта от 2019 г. насам), страната е на последно място. Сред всички държави членки България е най-отдалечена от равенството между половете по подпоказателя за икономическо положение (- 6,3 процентни пункта от 2010 г. насам) и заема 27-мо място. Въпреки подобренията по подпоказателя за финансови ресурси (+ 10,6 процентни пункта от 2010 г. насам) България е на последно място сред всички държави членки.
Най-голямо подобрение
С 56,2 точки България бележи най-голямо подобрение по показателя за знанията (+ 5,8 процентни пункта от 2010 г. насам). От 2019 г. насам резултатът на България се е подобрил (+ 1,0 процентни пункта) и страната отива едно място нагоре в класацията – на 21-во от 22-ро място. За промяната допринасят подобренията по подпоказателя за полова сегрегация в образованието. (+1,3 процентни пункта от 2019 г. насам). Освен това по този подпоказател България се изкачва с две места нагоре в класацията — от 12-то на 10-то място — за същия период от време.
Стъпка назад
Резултатът на България се е понижил по подпоказателя за труда (- 0,3 процентни пункта), което се дължи на запазване на резултата по подпоказателя за сегрегация и качество на труда (+ 0,7 процентни пункта от 2010 г. насам и + 0,1 процентни пункта от 2019 г. насам), като България заема 23-то място сред всички държави членки. Освен това представянето на страната по този показател може да се отдаде на сериозните пропуски по подпоказателя за участието (- 1,0 процентни пункта), което води до слизането ѝ надолу в класацията с две места — от 10-то на 12-то място.
Key highlights
Основни акценти
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Грижите за децата са много неравномерно разпределени между жените и мъжете
През 2021 г. 41 % от жените и 16 % от мъжете съобщават, че се грижат за деца на възраст 0—11 години изцяло или предимно сами. По време на пандемията 36 % от жените и 24 % от мъжете са прекарали поне четири часа в грижи за деца на възраст 0—11 години. По този начин по-малко жени (64 %), отколкото мъже (76 %) с отговорности за полагане на грижи за деца са участвали в социални и индивидуални дейности три или повече пъти седмично.
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Жените по-рядко от мъжете са разчитали на външна подкрепа за грижите за децата
През 2021 г. жените като цяло по-рядко от мъжете са разчитали на външна подкрепа, формална или неформална, за да облекчат задълженията си за полагане на грижи за деца. Жените (51 %) и мъжете (58 %) разчитат предимно на баби и дядовци и други роднини за подкрепа. Само 35 % от жените са разчитали на детски градини или училища, за да облекчат задълженията си за полагане на грижи, докато 47 % от мъжете са го правили.
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Работата в домакинството пада основно върху жените
През 2021 г. 68 % от жените в сравнение със само 8 % от мъжете са съобщили, че изпълняват домакински задължения изцяло или предимно сами, което води до разлика между половете от 60 процентни пункта (14 процентни пункта над средната стойност за ЕС). По време на пандемията 19 % от жените и 6 % от мъжете са прекарали повече от четири часа на ден в изпълнение на домакински задачи.
Description
Progress in gender equality
With 65.1 points out of 100, Bulgaria ranks 16th in the EU on the Gender Equality Index. Its score is 5.1 points below the score for the EU as a whole.1
Since 2010, Bulgaria’s score has increased by 10.1 points, mainly due to improvements in the domains of time (+ 19.9 points) and power (+ 16.9 points). Since 2020, Bulgaria’s score has increased by 4.4 points, which is one of the biggest improvements among Member States. This can be attributed to increases in the domains of time (+ 21.1 points) and money (+ 2.0 points). As a result, Bulgaria’s ranking in the Index has risen by two places since 2020, moving up to the 16th place.
Best performance
Bulgaria performs best in the domain of power (11th out of all Member States), in which it scores 62.7 points. However, progress has stalled (– 0.3 points) since 2020, resulting in a fall of two places in its ranking in this domain. Within the domain of power, the country performs best in the sub-domain of social decision-making (70.6 points), in which it ranks 8th in the EU. Bulgaria’s score in this sub-domain has increased by 5.4 points since 2020. In the sub-domain of economic decision-making, the country scores 60.9 points, and ranks 10th.
Most room for improvement
Bulgaria ranks last among all Member States in the domain of money, with a score of 67.0 points. Since 2020, Bulgaria’s score in this domain has increased only slightly (+ 2.0 points), thus maintaining the same ranking. With a score of 56.9 points, Bulgaria’s greatest room for improvement lies in the sub-domain of financial resources, in which the country ranks 26th in the EU. In the sub-domain of economic situation, the country scores 78.9 points, and ranks 26th.
Biggest improvement
Since 2020, the biggest improvement in Bulgaria’s score has been in the domain of time (+ 21.1 points), moving the country’s ranking up 10 places to 17th. An improvement in the sub-domain of care activities (+ 20.8 points) has been the key driver of this change. As a result, the country scores 76.5 points in this sub-domain, and its ranking has moved up from 25th place to 16th. Bulgaria has also improved in the sub-domain of social activities (+ 20.6 points), in which it scores 53.2 points and ranks 19th in the EU – a rise of eight places compared with 2020.
A step backwards
Since 2020, Bulgaria’s ranking in the domain of work (70.0 points) has dropped by two places, moving down to the 22nd place among the EU Member States. Within this domain, Bulgaria’s ranking dropped from 12th to 18th place in the sub-domain of participation, with its score remaining unchanged since 2020. In the sub-domain of segregation and quality of work, the country’s ranking has dropped by three places since 2020, with Bulgaria scoring 58.6 points and ranking 26th in the EU.
Convergence
Upward convergence in gender equality describes increasing equality between women and men in the EU, accompanied by a decline in variation between Member States. This means that countries with lower levels of gender equality are catching up with those with the highest levels, thereby reducing disparities across the EU. Analysis of convergence patterns in the Gender Equality Index shows that disparities between Member States decreased over the period 2010–2021, and that EU countries continue their trend of upward convergence.
Looking more closely at the performance of each Member State, patterns can be identified that reflect a relative improvement or slipping back in the Gender Equality Index score of each Member State in relation to the EU average.
Bulgaria is catching up. This means that while its Gender Equality Index score was initially lower than the EU average, it has grown faster over time, reducing the gap.
Key highlights
Focus 2023: The European Green Deal
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Women in Bulgaria tend to use more environment-friendly means of transport than men
In Bulgaria, notably more women (51 %) than men (41 %) used walking as one of their three main means of transportation during a typical week in 2022. The figure for women (but not for men) is thus higher than the EU average (46 % and 43 % for women and men, respectively). Around 41 % of women, compared with 34 % of men, used public transport as one of their three main means of transport. These figures exceed the EU average, where 32 % of women and 29 % of men opt for public transportation.
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Single women in Bulgaria struggle the most to keep their homes warm
In Bulgaria, the gender gap was most pronounced among single people, with greater disadvantage being experienced by women. In 2021, 40 % of single women reported being unable to keep their homes adequately warm, compared with 30 % of single men. These percentages are higher than the EU average (10 % and 9 %, respectively). Keeping homes adequately heated was also a struggle for those with low levels of education, with 41 % of women and 40 % of men in this category experiencing difficulties in this regard. These figures are likely to have risen considerably with the ongoing energy crisis.
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Representation of women in the EU energy and transport sectors in Bulgaria, as well as in decision-making roles, is significantly lacking
In 2022, only 15 % of workers in the energy sector in Bulgaria were women – a share that is below the EU average of 24 %. Similarly, women accounted for only 19 % of workers in the transport sector. In 2022, only 21 % of decision-makers in parliamentary committees focusing on the environment and climate change were women, which is notably lower than the EU average (30 %).
Description
Развитие по отношение на равенството между половете
С 65,1 от общо 100 процентни пункта България се нарежда на 16-о място в ЕС по индекса за равенство между половете. Резултатът й е с 5,1 пункта по-нисък от този на ЕС като цяло.1
От 2010 г. резултатът на България се е увеличил с 10,1 процентни пункта, главно поради подобрения в категориите време (+ 19,9 процентни пункта) и правомощия (+ 16,9 процентни пункта). От 2020 г. резултатът на България се е увеличил с 4,4 процентни пункта, което е едно от най-значимите подобрения сред държавите членки. Това се дължи на увеличения в категориите време (+ 21,1 процентни пункта) и пари (+ 2,0 процентни пункта). В резултат на това класирането на България в индекса се е повишило с две места от 2020 г. насам, като е достигнало до 16-о място.
Най-добро представяне
България се представя най-добре в категорията правомощия (11-о място от всички държави членки), в която получава 62,7 процентни пункта. От 2020 г. насам обаче напредъкът е в застой (– 0,3 процентни пункта), което доведе до спад на две места в класирането в тази категория. В категорията правомощия“ страната се представя най- добре в подкатегория Вземане на решения в социалната сфера“ (70,6 точки), в която заема осмо място в ЕС. Резултатът на България в тази подкатегория се е увеличил с 5,4 процентни пункта от 2020 г. насам. В подкатегория Вземане на икономически решения“ страната получава 60,9 точки и се нарежда на 10-о място.
Сфери, в които е необходимо най-голямо подобрение
България се класира на последно място сред всички държави членки по показателя пари“, с резултат от 67,0 процентни пункта. От 2020 г. насам резултатът на България в тази област се е увеличил съвсем леко (+ 2,0 пункта), като по този начин тя запазва същото класиране. С резултат от 56,9 пункта в България са необходими най-много усилия за подобрение в подкатегория Финансови ресурси“, където страната заема 26- о място в ЕС. В подобласт Икономическо положение“ страната получава 78,9 пункта и се нарежда на 26-о място.
Най-голямо подобрение
От 2020 г. насам най-голямото подобрение в резултата на България е по показателя време“ (+21,1 процентни пункта), което означава, че страната се е преместила с 10 места по-нагоре, на 17-о място. Основният фактор за тази промяна е подобрението в подкатегория Дейности, свързани с грижи“ (+ 20,8 пункта). В резултат на това държавата получава 76,5 пункта в тази подкатегория, а класирането ѝ се е повишило от 25-о на 16-о място. България е постигнала подобрение и в подкатегория Социални дейности“ (+ 20,6 пункта), в която получава 53,2 точки и се нарежда на 19-о място в ЕС — с осем места по-напред в сравнение с 2020 г.
Стъпка назад
От 2020 г. насам България е слязла с две места в класацията в категорията труд“ (70,0 пункта) е спаднала с две места, като се е понижила до 22-ро място сред държавите — членки на ЕС. По този показател България падна от 12-о на 18-о място по подкатегорията участие“, като резултатът ѝ остава непроменен от 2020 г. насам. В подкатегорията Сегрегация и качество на труда“ класирането на страната е спаднало с три места от 2020 г. насам, като България е получила 58,6 точки и заема 26-о място в ЕС.
Сближаване
Възходящото сближаване в областта на равенството между половете описва нарастващото равенство между жените и мъжете в ЕС, придружено от намаляване на различията между държавите членки. Това означава, че държавите с по-ниски равнища на равенство между половете настигат тези с най-високи равнища, като по този начин намаляват различията в рамките на ЕС. Анализът на моделите на сближаване в индекса за равенство между половете показва, че различията между държавите членки са намалели през периода 2010—2021 г. и че в държавите от ЕС продължава тенденцията на все по-голямо сближаване.
По-внимателно погледнато в контекста на представянето на всяка държава членка, могат да се установят модели, които отразяват относително подобрение или отстъпление в резултата на индекса за равенство между половете за всяка държава членка спрямо средната стойност за ЕС.
България наваксва изоставането си. Това означава, че въпреки че нейният индекс за равенство между половете първоначално е бил по-нисък от средния за ЕС, той се е увеличил по-бързо с течение на времето, намалявайки разликата.
Key highlights
Основни акценти
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Жените в България са склонни да използват по-екологични транспортни средства, отколкото мъжете
В България значително повече жени (51 %), отколкото мъже (41 %) са използвали ходенето пеша като едно от трите си основни средства за придвижване през една типична седмица през 2022 г. Следователно числото за жените (но не и за мъжете) е по-високо от средната стойност за ЕС (съответно 46 % и 43 % за жените и мъжете). Около 41 % от жените, в сравнение с 34 % от мъжете, са използвали обществения транспорт като едно от своите три основни транспортни средства. Тези стойности надвишават средната стойност за ЕС, където 32 % от жените и 29 % от мъжете избират обществен транспорт.
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Самотните жени в България имат най-големи затруднения да поддържат домовете си топли
В България разликата по пол е най-силно изразена сред лицата без партньор, като жените са изправени пред по-големи трудности. През 2021 г. 40 % от самотните жени съобщават, че не са в състояние да поддържат домовете си достатъчно топли, в сравнение с 30 % от самотните мъже. Тези проценти са по-високи от средните за ЕС (съответно 10 % и 9 %). Поддържането на адекватно отопление на домовете също е било проблем за хората с ниско образование, като 41 % от жените и 40 % от мъжете в тази категория са изпитвали затруднения в това отношение. Тези цифри вероятно са се увеличили значително в условията на продължаващата енергийна криза.
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Представителството на жените в енергийния и транспортния сектор на ЕС в България, както и на ръководни позиции, е силно недостатъчно
През 2022 г. само 15 % от заетите в енергийния сектор в България са били жени — дял, който е под средната стойност за ЕС от 24 %. По същия начин жените са представлявали само 19 % от работниците в транспортния сектор. През 2022 г. само 21 % от лицата, вземащи решения в парламентарните комисии, занимаващи се с околната среда и изменението на климата, са били жени, което е значително по-малко от средното за ЕС (30 %).
Domain information
Description
In the domain of work, the increased participation of women and men in employment and the decreasing gender gap in the duration of working life contributed to the small improvement in gender equality.
The employment rate (20-64) is 64 % for women versus 70 % for men. The total employment rate is 67 %. Bulgaria has not yet reached its national Europe 2020 strategy (EU2020) target to have more than 76 % of people employed.
When the number of hours worked is taken into account, the full-time equivalent (FTE) employment rate of women is around 44 %, compared to 54 % for men.
Among couples with children, the FTE employment rate for women is 68 % compared to 76 % for men. In the age group 25-49, the difference between women and men in the FTE employment rate is only 2 %, which is much lower than in other Member States. The FTE employment rate increases and the gender gap shrinks as education levels rise.
3 % of women work part-time, compared to 2 % of men, which are the lowest figures in the EU-28. On average, women work 40 hours per week, compared to 41 hours for men. 5 % of working-age women versus 0.3 % of working-age men are either inactive or work part-time due to care responsibilities.
Gender segregation in the labour market is a reality for both women and men. Nearly 20 % of women compared to 4 % of men work in education, human health and social work activities (EHW). Three times more men (28 %) than women (11 %) work in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) occupations.
Description
The situation in the domain of money has improved. Gender equality has progressed in earnings and incomes but has regressed in poverty and distribution of wealth.
Mean monthly earnings of women and men have increased, but women continue to earn less than men (14 % less than men per month). The gender gap has increased. The gap between women and men is bigger among foreign-born people, people with a low level of education, single people, couples with children and people aged 25-49.
The population of women and men at risk of poverty has increased. 23 % of women and 19 % of men are at risk of poverty, compared to 18 % and 16 %, respectively, in 2005. The risk of poverty is higher for older people, especially older women. The risk of poverty lowers as education levels rise.
Inequalities in income distribution have increased among women and among men. The gender pay gap is 15 % to the detriment of women. In 2012, women had lower pensions than men and the gender gap was 35 %. Both values are in line with the EU-28 average (16 % and 38 %, respectively).
Description
The score in the domain of knowledge has hardly changed. Gender equality in attainment and participation has slightly improved, whereas the uneven concentration of women and men in certain study fields has increased.
The number of tertiary graduates increased, especially for women. 26 % of women have a tertiary degree, compared to 18 % of men. There are more women than men with a tertiary degree across all age groups, except for those aged 65+. Bulgaria has not yet met its EU2020 target to have 36 % of people aged 30-34 obtain tertiary education. The rate stands at 32 %.
Among lone parents, couples without children and people aged 25-49 the gender gap is higher, with women outnumbering men.
15 % of women with disabilities and 11 % of men with disabilities have attained tertiary education, compared to 27 % of women without disabilities and 19 % of men without disabilities.
Participation in lifelong learning has slightly decreased for both women and men. It is lower in Bulgaria (9 % for both genders) than in many other Member States.
Gender segregation in study fields remains a challenge, though to a lesser extent than in many other Member States. The gender gap in tertiary education in education, health and welfare, humanities and arts has increased. 30 % of women students, compared to 17 % of men, are concentrated in these fields, which are traditionally seen as ‘feminine’.
Description
In the domain of time, the score has gone down.
Women are more likely to spend time caring for their family. Around 39 % of women versus 26 % of men spend at least 1 hour per day on care and educational activities. This gender gap has narrowed.
93 % of women in a couple with children take care of their family on a daily basis, compared to 72 % of men.
Women outnumber men four to one in cooking and housework and the gap has widened. 73 % of women compared to 13 % of men do cooking and housework every day for at least 1 hour.
Among couples with children, women do cooking much more than men (92 % versus 10 %, respectively). This gender gap is also wide in couples without children (83 % of women versus 13 % of men) and among people aged 25-49 (84 % versus 8 %, respectively).
Inequalities in time-sharing at home also extend to social activities. Men are more likely than women to participate in sporting, cultural, and leisure activities, whereas women are slightly more involved in voluntary or charitable activities.
Bulgaria has not yet met either of the two ‘Barcelona targets’, which are to have at least 33 % of children below the age of three and 90 % of children between the age of three and school age in childcare. In Bulgaria, the enrolment rates are 9 % and 72 %, respectively.
Description
The score in the domain of power has increased, due to improved gender equality in the economic sphere.
The presence of women on the board of the central bank has doubled from 17 % to 38 %. On the other hand, the share of women on the corporate boards of publicly listed companies has stagnated and is around 18 %.
In the sub-domain of political power, the situation is stable. There are slightly more women ministers (31 %) than in 2005 (28 %). In the parliament, the gender balance has slipped from 25 % to 21 %).
44 % of board members of research-funding organisations and 63 % of board members of publicly owned broadcasting organisations (the highest share in the EU) are women. Both values are in the gender balance zone. However, only 20 % of members of the highest decision-making bodies of national Olympic sport organisations are women. This figure is higher than the EU average of 14 %.
Description
Progress in the health domain has been mostly driven by improved access to health services for both women and men.
94 % of women and men are able to meet their medical and dental needs. This situation has improved and become more gender equal.
Life expectancy has increased for both women and men. Women live 7 years longer than men on average. However, the number of healthy life years has decreased for both (7 years less for women and 5 years less for men).
62 % of men and 70 % of women rate their health as ‘good’ or ‘very good’. This gender gap increases with age, with men becoming less satisfied with their health. The level of health satisfaction tends to increase with a person’s level of education. Single women, older people and people with disabilities have the lowest levels of health satisfaction.
53 % of men smoke and/or drink excessively compared to around 32 % of women. More men (18 %) than women (9 %) engage in healthy behaviour (physical activities and/or consuming fruit and vegetables).
Description
Violence against women is included in the Gender Equality Index as a satellite domain. This means that the scores of the domain of violence do not have an impact on the final score of the Gender Equality Index. From a statistical perspective, the domain of violence does not measure gaps between women and men as core domains do. Rather, it measures and analyses women’s experiences of violence. Unlike other domains, the overall objective is not to reduce the gaps of violence between women and men, but to eradicate violence completely.
A high score in the Gender Equality Index means a country is close to achieving a gender-equal society. However, in the domain of violence, the higher the score, the more serious the phenomenon of violence against women in the country is. On a scale of 1 to 100, 1 represents a situation where violence is non-existent and 100 represents a situation where violence against women is extremely common, highly severe and not disclosed. The best-performing country is therefore the one with the lowest score.
Bulgaria’s score for the domain of violence is 44.2, which is much higher than the EU average.
In Bulgaria, 28 % of women have experienced physical and/or sexual violence since the age of 15. This is 5 percentage points lower than the EU-28 average (33 %).
48 % of women who have experienced physical or sexual violence by any perpetrator in the past 12 months have not told anyone. This rate is the highest in the EU-28.
At the societal level, violence against women costs Bulgaria an estimated EUR 3.2 billion per year through lost economic output, service utilisation and personal costs (1).
[1] This is an exercise done at EU level to estimate the costs of the three major dimensions: services, lost economic output and pain and suffering of the victims. The estimates were extrapolated to the EU from a United Kingdom case study, based on population size. EIGE, Estimating the costs of gender-based violence in the European Union, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2014, p. 142.
Description
Bulgaria’s score in the domain of work is 69.0, showing progress of 1.7 points since 2005 (+ 0.4 points since 2015), with increased participation of women and men in employment.
The employment rate (of people aged 20-64) is 68 % for women and 77 % for men. With an overall employment rate of 72 %, Bulgaria has not reached its national EU 2020 employment target of 76 %. The full-time equivalent (FTE) employment rate rose from 40 % to 45 % for women and from 49 % to 55 % for men between 2005 and 2017. The gender gap is much narrower among highly educated women and men (2 p.p.), compared to women and men with low (11 p.p.) and medium (14 p.p.) levels of education.
Around 3 % of women work part-time, compared to 2 % of men, which are the lowest rates in the EU. On average, women work 40 hours per week and men 41. The uneven concentration of women and men in different sectors of the labour market remains an issue. Around 18 % of women work in education, health and social work, compared to 4 % of men. Bulgaria has the highest proportion of women (11 %) working in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) occupations in the EU (compared to 28 % of men). This gender gap is the second lowest in the EU.
Description
Bulgaria’s score in the domain of money is 61.8, showing progress of 7.5 points since 2005 (- 0.1 points since 2015), with improvements in the financial situation of both women and men. Poverty and inequality in terms of distribution of wealth have increased. Bulgaria’s score in this domain is the lowest in the EU.
Despite the mean monthly earnings of women and men doubling from 2006 to 2014, inequalities persist: women earn 14 % less than men. The gap is even wider among women and men with low education levels: women earn 28 % less. Among single people, women earn 7 % more than men.
The risk of poverty increased for both women and men from 2006 to 2017: 24 % of women and 20 % of men are at risk. Half of people with low education levels are at risk of poverty. People facing the highest risk of poverty are single women (52 %), disabled women (39 %) and lone parents (35 %). Inequalities in income distribution increased among women and men between 2007 and 2017. Women earn, on average, 86 cents for every euro a man makes per hour, resulting in a gender pay gap of 14 %. The gender pension gap is nearly 28 %.
Description
Bulgaria’s score in the domain of knowledge is 53.2, with no significant change since 2005 (- 0.1 points since 2015). Bulgaria has dropped six positions since 2005 to rank 25th in the EU.
The share of women with tertiary education increased, between 2005 and 2017, at a faster pace than the share of men, widening the gender gap (from 5 p.p. to 8 p.p.). Around 26 % of women have tertiary degrees, compared to 18 % of men. The gender gap is wider (24 p.p.) between lone parents: 39 % of lone mothers and 15 % of lone fathers are graduates in tertiary education. Bulgaria has not yet reached its national EU 2020 target of having 36 % of people aged 30-34 obtain tertiary education. The current rate is 34 % overall — 41 % for women and 27 % for men. Participation in formal and non-formal education and training decreased from 9 % to 8 % for women and from 10 % to 9 % for men between 2005 and 2017. Bulgaria’s participation rate in lifelong learning is the second lowest in the EU.
The uneven concentration of women and men in different study fields in tertiary education remains a challenge for Bulgaria. Around 32 % of women students and 17 % of men students study education, health and welfare, or humanities and art.
Description
Bulgaria’s score in the domain of time has not changed since the last edition of the Index, because new data is not available. The next data update for this domain is expected in 2021. More frequent time-use data would help to track progress in this domain.
In the domain of time, Bulgaria’s score is 42.7, which is the lowest in the EU. Inequalities in time share, related to both care and social activities, have risen since 2005. Women are more likely to spend time caring for their family. Around 39 % of women and 26 % of men spend at least one hour per day on care activities. In couples with children, 93 % of women take care of their family daily, compared to 72 % of men. Women are five times more likely to spend their time cooking and doing housework: 73 % of women compared to 13 % of men do cooking and housework every day for at least one hour. This gap has widened since 2003 and is much wider in couples with children.
Fewer women (12 %) than men (20 %) participate in sporting, cultural or leisure activities outside the home. Proportions of women (3 %) and men (2 %) involved in voluntary or charitable activities are the lowest in the EU.
Description
Bulgaria’s score in the domain of power is 59.9, with an increase of 11.5 points since 2005 (+ 3.9 points since 2015). The domain of power has seen the greatest progress, placing Bulgaria sixth in the EU for this domain.
Progress in the domain’s score is driven by significant improvements in the sub-domain of economic power. The share of women on the board of the central bank substantially increased from 17 % to 57 % between 2005 and 2018. The share of women on the boards of the largest publicly listed companies has decreased from 19 % to 15 %. Bulgaria ranks third in the sub-domain of economic power in the whole EU.
In the sub-domain of political power, the share of women increased among ministers from 26 % to 38 % between 2005 and 2018. In parliament, 26 % of members are women, compared to 25 % in 2005. The share of women among members of local councils is 25 %. In the sub-domain of social power, equality between women and men is greatest, but the score has decreased since 2005. Women comprise 36 % of board members of research-funding organisations, 40 % of board members of publicly owned broadcasting organisations and 22 % of members of the highest decision-making bodies of national Olympic sports organisations.
Description
Bulgaria’s score in the domain of health is 77.1, with a 4.5 point increase since 2005 (+ 0.7 points since 2015). Progress is driven by improvements in access to health services and greater gender equality in health status. There is no new data for health behaviour.
The overall level of health satisfaction in Bulgaria has increased. Around 63 % of women and 71 % of men perceive their health as good (compared to 55 % and 66 % in 2006). Health satisfaction increases with a person’s level of education and decreases with age. Women with low education levels and women aged 65 or over are less satisfied with their health. Life expectancy increased for both women and men between 2005 and 2016. Women, on average, live seven years longer than men.
Adequate access to medical and dental care has significantly increased in Bulgaria. Around 3 % of both women and men report unmet medical needs (compared to 27 % of women and 23 % of men in 2005) and 4 % of women and 3 % of men (compared to 29 % and 26 % in 2005) report unmet needs for dental examinations. Women and men with lower education levels have the highest unmet needs for medical services (11 % and 12 %).
Description
Why is there no score for the violence domain?
There is no new data to update the score for violence, which is why no figure is given. Eurostat is currently coordinating an EU-wide survey on gender-based violence, with results expected in 2023. EIGE will launch a second round of administrative data collection on intimate partner violence, rape and femicide in 2022. Both data sources will be used to update the domain of violence in the Gender Equality Index 2024. Unlike the other domains of the Index, the domain of violence does not measure differences between women’s and men’s situations; rather, it examines women’s experiences of violence (prevalence, severity and disclosure). The overall objective is not to reduce the gap in violence between women and men but to eradicate violence completely
Data gaps mask the true scale of violence
The EU needs comprehensive, up-to-date and comparable data to develop effective policies that combat violence against women.
During the COVID-19 lockdowns, women in violent relationships were stuck at home and exposed to their abuser for long periods of time, putting them at greater risk of domestic violence. Even without a pandemic, women face the greatest danger from people they know.
Istanbul Convention: state of play
The Istanbul Convention is the most comprehensive international human rights treaty on violence against women and domestic violence. Bulgaria signed the Istanbul Convention in April 2016 but is yet to ratify it.
Description
A lack of evidence to assess violence against women
No score is given to Bulgaria in the domain of violence, due to the lack of comparable EU-wide data.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, restrictions on mobility and increased isolation exposed women to a higher risk of violence committed by an intimate partner. While the full extent of violence during the pandemic is difficult to assess, media and women’s organisations have reported a sharp increase in the demand for services for women victims of violence. At the same time, the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed and exacerbated pre-existing gaps in the prevention of violence against women and the provision of adequately funded victim support services.
Eurostat is currently coordinating a survey on gender-based violence in the EU but not all Member States are taking part. EIGE, together with the EU’s Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA), will collect data for the remaining countries to have an EU-wide comparable data on violence against women. Data collection will be completed in 2023, and the results will be used to update the domain of violence in the Gender Equality Index 2024.
Violence at a glance
- Femicide
In 2018, over 600 women were murdered by an intimate partner, a family member or a relative in 14 EU Member States, according to official reports. Bulgaria does not provide comparable data on intentional homicide. - Physical and/or sexual violence
25 % of women who experienced physical and/or sexual violence, experienced it in their own home .
12 % of lesbian women and 8 % of bisexual women were physically or sexually attacked in the past five years for being LGBTI.
Source: FRA’s Fundamental Rights Survey and LGBTI Survey II, 2019 - Harassment
22 % of women experienced harassment in the past five years, and 12 % in the past 12 months.
44 % of women with disabilities experienced harassment in the past five years, and 22 % in the past 12 months .
Source: FRA’s Fundamental Rights Survey, 2019 - Cyberviolence
4 % of women were subjected to cyber harassment in the past five years, and 3 % in the past 12 months.
Among women aged 16-29, 3 % experienced cyber harassment in the past five years, and 3 % in the past 12 months .
Source: FRA’s Fundamental Rights Survey, 2019 - Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
No data available.
Istanbul Convention: state of play
The Istanbul Convention is the most comprehensive international human rights treaty on preventing and combatting violence against women and domestic violence. Bulgaria signed the Istanbul Convention in April 2016 but is yet to ratify it.
Description
A lack of evidence to assess violence against women
No score is given to Bulgaria in the domain of violence, due to a lack of comparable EU-wide data.
Femicide
In 2020, 788 women were murdered by an intimate partner, a family member or a relative in 17 EU Member States, according to official reports. Bulgaria does not provide comparable data on intentional homicide.
Source: Eurostat, 2020
Istanbul Convention: state of play
The Istanbul Convention is the most comprehensive international human rights treaty on preventing and combatting violence against women and domestic violence. Bulgaria signed the Istanbul Convention in April 2016 but is has not ratified it yet.
EIGE/FRA survey
The EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) and the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) will carry out a survey on violence against women (VAW II) in eight EU Member States (CZ, DE, IE, CY, LU, HU, RO, SE), which will complement the Eurostat-led data collection on gender-based violence and other forms of interpersonal violence (EU-GBV) in the remaining countries. The use of a unified methodology will ensure the availability of comparable data across all EU Member States. Data collection will be completed in 2023, and the results will be used to update the domain of violence in the Gender Equality Index 2024 and its thematic focus on violence against women.
Description
Липса на доказателства за оценка на насилието срещу жени
България не получава оценка по показателя за насилие поради липсата на сравними данни на равнище ЕС.
По време на пандемията от COVID-19 ограниченията на мобилността и увеличената изолация изложиха жените на по-голям риск от насилие от страна на интимния партньор. Въпреки че е трудно да се оцени пълният обхват на насилието по време на пандемията, медиите и организациите на жените съобщават за рязко нарастване на търсенето на услуги за жени, жертви на насилие. Същевременно пандемията от COVID-19 разкри и изостри вече съществуващи пропуски в предотвратяването на насилието срещу жени и предоставянето на подходящо финансирани услуги за подкрепа на жертвите.
Понастоящем Евростат координира проучване на насилието, основано на пола, в ЕС, но не всички държави членки участват. Заедно с Агенцията на ЕС за основните права (FRA), EIGE ще събира данни за останалите държави, за да можем да разполагаме със сравними данни за целия ЕС относно насилието срещу жени. Събирането на данни ще приключи през 2023 г., а резултатите ще бъдат използвани за актуализиране на показателя за насилие в Индекса за равенство между половете за 2024 г.
Насилието накратко
- Убийства на жени
Според официални доклади над 600 жени са били убити през 2018 г. от интимен партньор, член на семейството или роднина в 14 държави — членки на ЕС. България не е предоставила сравними данни за предумишлено убийство.
Източник: Евростат, 2018 г. - Физическо и/или сексуално насилие
25 % от жените, които са били жертва на физическо и/или сексуално насилие, са го изпитали в собствения си дом .
12 % от лесбийките и 8 % от бисексуалните жени са били обект на физическо или сексуално нападение през последните пет години заради това, че са ЛГБТИ.
Източник: Проучване на FRA относно основните права и Проучване II на FRA относно ЛГБТИ, 2019 г. - Тормоз
22 % от жените са били подложени на тормоз през последните пет години, а 12 % — през последните 12 месеца.
44 % от жените с увреждания са били подложени на тормоз през последните пет години, а 22 % — през последните 12 месеца .
Източник: Проучване на FRA за основните права, 2019 г. - Кибернасилие
4 % от жените са били подложени на кибертормоз през последните пет години, а 3 % — през последните 12 месеца.
В групата на жените между 16 и 29 години 3 % са били подложени на кибертормоз през последните пет години, а 3 % — през последните 12 месеца .
Източник: Проучване на FRA за основните права, 2019 г. - Генитално осакатяване на жени
Няма данни.
Истанбулската конвенция: актуално състояние
Истанбулската конвенция е най-всеобхватният международен договор за правата на човека в областта на насилието над жени и домашното насилие. България подписа Истанбулската конвенция през април 2016 г., но все още предстои да я ратифицира.
Description
Липса на доказателства за оценка на насилието срещу жени
България не получава оценка по показателя за насилие поради липсата на сравними данни на равнище ЕС.
Убийства на жени
Според официални доклади 788 жени са убити през 2020 г. от интимен партньор, член на семейството или роднина в 17 държави — членки на ЕС. България не е предоставила сравними данни за предумишлено убийство.
Източник: Евростат, 2020 г.
Истанбулската конвенция: актуално състояние
Истанбулската конвенция е най-всеобхватният международен договор за правата на човека в областта на насилието над жени и домашното насилие. България подписа Истанбулската конвенция през април 2016 г., но все още не я е ратифицирала.
Проучване на EIGE/FRA
Агенцията на ЕС за основните права (FRA) и Европейският институт за равенство между половете (EIGE) ще проведат проучване за насилието над жени (VAW II) в осем държави — членки на ЕС (CZ, DE, IE, CY, LU, HU, RO, SE), което ще допълни ръководеното от Евростат събиране на данни за насилието, основано на пола, и други форми на междуличностно насилие (EU-GBV) в останалите държави. Използването на единна методология ще гарантира наличието на сравними данни във всички държави — членки на ЕС. Събирането на данни ще приключи през 2023 г., а резултатите ще бъдат използвани за актуализиране на показателя за насилие в Индекса за равенство между половете за 2024 г. и тематичния му фокус върху насилието над жени.
Description
A lack of evidence to assess violence against women
No score is given to Bulgaria in the domain of violence, due to a lack of comparable EU-wide data.
Femicide
In 2021, 720 women were murdered by an intimate partner, family member or relative in 17 EU Member States, according to official reports. Bulgaria does not provide comparable data on femicide.
Source: Eurostat, 2021
Violence at a glance
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Intimate partner violence
In Bulgaria, 21 % of women who have ever been in a relationship have experienced violence by an intimate partner during their adult life. In total, 9 % have experienced physical violence (including threats) or sexual violence, while 19 % have experienced psychological violence. Around 5 % have experienced intimate partner violence during the last 12 months, while 10 % have experienced it in the last five years.
Source: Eurostat, 2021
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Sexual harassment at work
In Bulgaria, around 12 % of women who have ever worked have experienced sexual harassment at work. Up to 3 % of women have experienced sexual harassment at work in the last 12 months, while 7 % have experienced it in the last 5 years.
Source: Eurostat, 2021
Istanbul Convention: state of play
The Istanbul Convention is the most comprehensive international human rights treaty on preventing and combatting violence against women and domestic violence. Bulgaria signed the Istanbul Convention in April 2016, but has not yet ratified it. The Convention has not yet entered into force in Bulgaria.
The European Council approved the EU’s accession to the Istanbul Convention on 1 June 2023.
EIGE/FRA survey on violence against women
TThe Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) and the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) will carry out a survey on violence against women (VAW II) in eight EU Member States (CZ, DE, IE, CY, LU, HU, RO, SE), which will complement the Eurostat-led data collection on gender-based violence and other forms of interpersonal violence (EU-GBV) in the remaining countries. The use of a unified methodology will ensure the availability of comparable data across all EU Member States. Data collection will be completed this year, and the results will be used to update the domain of violence in the Gender Equality Index 2024, with its thematic focus on violence against women.
Description
Липса на доказателства за оценка на насилието срещу жени
България не получава оценка по показателя за насилие поради липсата на сравними данни на равнище ЕС.
Убийства на жени
Според официалните доклади през 2021 г. 720 жени са били убити от интимен партньор, член на семейството или роднина в 17 държави — членки на ЕС. България не е предоставила сравними данни за убийства на жени.
Източник: Евростат, 2021 г.
Насилието накратко
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Насилие от страна на интимния партньор
В България 21 % от жените, които някога са били в отношения с партньор, са били подложени на насилие от интимен партньор по време на живота си в зряла възраст. Общо 9 % са преживели физическо насилие (включително заплахи) или сексуално насилие, а 19 % са преживели психологическо насилие. Около 5 % са преживели насилие от страна на интимния партньор през последните 12 месеца, а 10 % са го преживели през последните пет години
Източник: Евростат, 2021 г.
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Сексуален тормоз на работното място
В България около 12 % от жените, които някога са работили, са били подложени на сексуален тормоз на работното място. До 3 % от жените са преживели сексуален тормоз на работното място през последните 12 месеца, а 7 % са го преживели през последните 5 години.
Източник: Евростат, 2021 г.
Истанбулската конвенция: актуално състояние
Истанбулската конвенция е най-всеобхватният международен договор за правата на човека в областта на насилието над жени и домашното насилие. България подписа Истанбулската конвенция през април 2016 г., но все още не я е ратифицирала. Конвенцията все още не е влязла в сила в България.
Европейският съвет одобри присъединяването на ЕС към Истанбулската конвенция на 1 юни 2023 г.
Проучване на EIGE/FRA относно насилието срещу жените
Агенцията на ЕС за основните права (FRA) и Европейският институт за равенство между половете (EIGE) ще проведат проучване за насилието над жени (VAW II) в осем държави — членки на ЕС (CZ, DE, IE, CY, LU, HU, RO, SE), което ще допълни ръководеното от Евростат събиране на данни за насилието, основано на пола, и други форми на междуличностно насилие (EU-GBV) в останалите държави. Използването на единна методология ще гарантира наличието на сравними данни във всички държави — членки на ЕС. Събирането на данни ще приключи през тази година, а резултатите ще бъдат използвани за актуализиране на показателя за насилие в Индекса за равенство между половете за 2024 г. и тематичния му фокус върху насилието над жени.
Thematic focus information
Description
In 2016, 38 % of women and 27 % of men aged 20-49 (potential parents) were ineligible for parental leave in Bulgaria. Unemployment or inactivity was the main reason for ineligibility for 75 % of women and 74 % of men. The remaining 25 % and 26 % of women and men were ineligible for parental leave due to inadequate length of employment. Same-sex parents are eligible for parental leave in Bulgaria. Among the employed population, 13 % of women and 9 % of men were ineligible for parental leave.
Description
Most informal carers of older persons and/or persons with disabilities in Bulgaria are women (65 %). The shares of women and men involved in informal care of older persons and/or people with disabilities several days a week or every day are 9 % and 6 %, respectively. The proportion of women involved in informal care is 6 p.p. lower than the EU average, while the involvement of men is 4 p.p. lower. Overall, 16 % of women and 6 % of men aged 50-64 take care of older persons and/or persons with disabilities; in the 20-49 age group, 6 % of carers are women and 4 % are men. Around 29 % of women carers of older persons and/or persons with disabilities are employed, compared to 36 % of men combining care with professional responsibilities.
There are also fewer women than men informal carers working in the EU. But the gender gap is narrower in Bulgaria than in the EU (7 p.p. compared to 14 p.p. for the EU). In the 50-64 age group, 36 % of women informal carers work, compared to 17 % of men. Around 47 % of women and 43 % of men in Bulgaria report unmet needs for professional home care services.
Description
In Bulgaria, 60 % of all informal carers of children are women. Overall, 56 % of women are involved in caring for or educating their children or grandchildren at least several times a week, compared to 52 % of men. Compared to the EU average (56 % of women and 50 % of men), the same percentage of women and slightly more men are involved in caring for or educating their children or grandchildren in Bulgaria. The gender gaps are wider among women and men who are not working (45 % and 34 %) and women and men working in the public sector (71 % and 62 %).
Bulgaria has not reached either of the Barcelona targets to have at least 33 % of children below the age of three and 90 % of children between the age of three and school age in childcare. Altogether 9 % of children below the age of three are under some kind of formal care arrangements, which is the third lowest coverage in the EU. Formal childcare is provided for 74 % of children from the age of three to the minimum compulsory school age (64 % are in formal childcare for at least 30 hours a week). Around 3 % of women and men report unmet needs for formal childcare services, this is among the lowest percentage in the EU.
Description
In Bulgaria, women and men spend almost equal amounts of time commuting to and from work (around 33-34 minutes per day). Couples with or without children spend similar time commuting compared to couples with children. Single people spend around the same time commuting as people in couples do, with single men travelling around 36 minutes per day compared to 31 minutes per day for single women. Women spend slightly more time commuting than men, if they work part-time, but both women and men spend almost the same time travelling travel to and from work if working full-time. Women working part-time travel 31 minutes from home to work and back, and men commute 30 minutes, compared to 34 minutes for women and men working full-time.
Generally, men are more likely to travel directly to and from work, whereas women make more multi-purpose trips, to fit in other activities such as school drop-offs or grocery shopping.
Description
More than three quarters of women (84 %) and men (76 %) are unable to change their working arrangements in Bulgaria, which represents the highest restrictions for both women and men for access to flexible working time in the EU (where 57 % of women and 54 % of men have no control over their working time arrangements). Among public-sector employees, 93 % of women and 97 % of men have no possibility to change their working arrangements, compared to 65 % of women and 62 % of men public-sector employees in the EU overall. Among private-sector employees, 81 % of women and 71 % of men have no control over their working time.
Even though women are over-represented among part-time workers, they are less likely than men to transition from part-time to full-time work in the majority of EU countries. In 2017, 7 % of women part-time workers transitioned to fulltime work, compared to 15 % of men.
Description
Bulgaria has the second lowest participation rate in lifelong learning (2 %) in the EU, with no gender gap. Men (aged 25- 64) are more likely to participate in education and training than women regardless of their employment status. Conflicts with work schedules are a greater barrier to participation in lifelong learning for women (60 %) than for women (50 %). Family responsibilities are reported as barriers to engagement in education and training for 25 % of women compared to 15 % of men.
Work schedules are more of an obstacle for participation in lifelong learning in Bulgaria than in the EU overall, while family responsibilities are reported as less of an obstacle than the EU average. In the EU, 38 % of women and 43 % of men report their work schedule as an obstacle and 40 % of women and 24 % of men report that family responsibilities hinder participation in lifelong learning.
Description
The Gender Equality Index 2020 focuses on digitalisation and the future of work. The thematic focus looks at three areas:
- use and development of digital skills and technologies
- digital transformation of the world of work
- broader consequences of digitalisation for human rights, violence against women and caring activities
Description
The Gender Equality Index 2021 focuses on gender inequalities in health. The thematic focus analyses the following aspects of health in the EU:
- health status and mental health
- heath behaviour
- access to health services
- sexual and reproductive health
- the COVID-19 pandemic.
Description
The Gender Equality Index 2022 focuses on socio-economic consequences resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. The thematic focus analyses the following aspects:
- Childcare
- Long-term care
- Housework
- Flexible working arrangement
The data was gathered using a survey that was carried out in all EU Member States between June and July 2021. Both the survey design and data collection timeframe ensured a comprehensive coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact. The survey was conducted using an international web panel with a quota sampling method based on a stratification approach[1]. It targeted the general population, aged between 20 and 64 years. Representative quotas were designed based on 2020 Eurostat population statistics. Post-stratification weighting was carried out to adjust for differences between the sample and population distribution in key variables and to ensure the sample accurately reflected the socio-demographic structure of the target population.
[1] The data was collected via a web survey using the international panel platform CINT as a main resource. CINT is an international platform that brings together several international panels, reaching more than 100 million registered panellists across more than 150 countries. To fulfil the required sampling in small countries, additional panel providers (IPSOS, TOLUNA, KANTAR) were engaged, which allowed for the same profiling requirements of the respondents and GDPR compliance.
Description
Индексът за равенството между половете за 2021 г. разглежда неравенството между половете в областта на здравеопазването. В тематичния фокус са анализирани следните аспекти на здравеопазването в ЕС:
- здравен статус и психично здраве
- здравно поведение
- достъп до здравни услуги
- сексуално и репродуктивно здраве
- пандемията от COVID-19.
Description
Индексът за равенство между половете за 2022 г. се фокусира върху социално-икономическите последици от пандемията от COVID-19. Тематичният фокус анализира следните аспекти:
- Полагане на грижи за децата
- Дългосрочни грижи
- Домакинска работа
- Промени в гъвкавите схеми на работа
Данните са събрани с помощта на проучване, проведено във всички държави — членки на ЕС, в периода юни—юли 2021 г. Както дизайнът на проучването, така и времевата рамка за събиране на данни осигуриха цялостно обхващане на въздействието на пандемията от COVID-19. Проучването беше проведено с помощта на международен уеб панел с метод за квотна извадка, основан на стратификационен подход[1]. То беше насочено към общото население на възраст между 20 и 64 години. Представителните квоти бяха разработени въз основа на статистическите данни на Евростат за населението през 2020 г. Беше извършено претегляне след стратификацията, за да се коригират разликите между извадката и разпределението на населението по ключови променливи и за да се гарантира, че извадката отразява точно социално-демографската структура на целевото население.
[1] Данните бяха събрани чрез уеб проучване, като за основен източник бе използвана международната панелна платформа CINT. CINT е международна платформа, която обединява няколко международни панела, достигайки до повече от 100 милиона регистрирани участници в над 150 държави. За да се изпълни изискваната извадка в малки държави, бяха ангажирани допълнителни доставчици на панели (IPSOS, TOLUNA, KANTAR), което позволи да се спазят изискванията за профилиране на респондентите и ОРЗД.
Description
The Gender Equality Index 2023 focuses on the socially fair transition of the European Green Deal. Its thematic focus analyses the following aspects:
- Public attitudes and behaviours on climate change and mitigation
- Energy
- Transport
- Decision-making
The data was collected through various surveys, such as the EIGE 2022 survey on gender gaps in unpaid care, individual and social activities, as well as other EU-wide surveys.1 The EIGE survey focused on gender differences in unpaid care, including links to transport, the environment and personal consumption and behaviour.
[1] The following sources were used: the EIGE survey on gender gaps in unpaid care, individual and social activities; the European Social Survey; Eurostat-LFS; EU-SILC; education statistics; and the EIGE’s WiDM.
Description
Индексът за равнопоставеност на половете за 2023 г. се фокусира върху социално справедливия преход към Европейската зелена сделка. Тематичният фокус анализира следните аспекти:
- Обществени нагласи и поведение във връзка с изменението на климата и смекчаването на последиците от него
- Енергетика
- транспорт
- Вземане на решения
Данните са събрани чрез различни проучвания, като например проучването на EIGE от 2022 г. относно неравнопоставеността между половете по отношение на неплатените грижи, индивидуалните и социалните дейности, както и други проучвания в целия ЕС. Проучването на EIGE се фокусира върху различията между половете в неплатените грижи, включително връзките с транспорта, околната среда и личното потребление и поведение.